Prolactin is associated with bone mineral density in subjects with type 2 diabetes mellitus

Abstract

PurposeProlactin (PRL) exerts actions in the bone besides lactation and reproduction. This study aimed to investigate whether PRL is related to bone mineral density (BMD) in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM).MethodsA total of 642 patients with T2DM were divided into two groups with age and body mass index (BMI) matched: mildly increased PRL (HP group, n = 101) or normal PRL (NP group, n = 541). BMD was measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry and compared.Results1) BMD, T score at lumbar spine L1–4, right hip and femur neck, and Z score at the femur neck were significantly higher in the HP than in the NP group (0.96 ± 0.16 vs. 0.92 ± 0.15g/cm2, p = 0.019; 0.88 ± 0.15vs. 0.84 ± 0.14 g/cm2, p = 0.007; 0.75 ± 0.17 vs.0.70 ± 0.13 g/cm2, p = 0.001; -0.90 (-1.85, -0.20) vs. -1.40 (-2.20, -0.40), p = 0.018; -0.80 (-1.50, -0.30) vs. -1.10 (-1.80, -0.53), p = 0.026; -1.30 (-2.00, -0.60) vs. -1.70 (-2.20, -1.00), p = 0.001; -0.20 (-0.70, 0.30) vs. -0.40 (-0.90, 0.10), p = 0.026). In men, T and Z scores at the right hip and femur neck were significantly higher in the HP than in the NP group (-0.70 (-1.32, 0.20) vs. -0.90 (-1.50, -0.40), p = 0.038; -0.20 (-0.80, 0.20) vs. -0.50 (-0.10, 0.10), p = 0.027; -0.30 (-0.60, -0.30) vs. -0.40 (-0.90, 0.20), p = 0.038) but not in women. Bone turnover markers have no significant difference between groups (all p > 0.05). 2) BMD at the right hip and Z score at the right hip and femur neck were significantly positively associated with PRL (r = 0.087, p = 0.029; r = 0.089, p = 0.024; r = 0.087, p = 0.029). In men, BMD at L1–4 and the right hip; T score at L1–4, the right hip, and the femur neck; and Z score at the right hip and the femur neck were significantly positively associated with PRL (r = 0.122, p = 0.007; r = 0.105, p = 0.041; r = 0.123, p = 0.016; r = 0.110, p = 0.032; r = 0.115, p = 0.025; r = 0.121, p = 0.018; r = 0.138, p = 0.007) but not significant in women. 3) In men divided into two groups according to T score (T score at the right hip>-1 or T score at the right hip≤-1) or the median BMD at L1–4, the right hip or the femur neck, PRL was significantly higher in the higher BMD than in the lower BMD group (16.32 ± 6.12 vs. 14.78 ± 5.68 ng/ml, p = 0.012; 16.20 ± 6.21 vs. 14.73 ± 5.40 ng/ml, p = 0.014; 16.10 ± 6.01 vs. 14.80 ± 5.77 ng/ml, p = 0.032; 16.17 ± 6.04 vs. 14.76 ± 5.77 ng/ml, p = 0.02; 16.48 ± 6.05 vs. 14.98 ± 5.81 ng/ml, p = 0.020; 16.10 ± 5.98 vs. 14.80 ± 5.87 ng/ml, p = 0.035).ConclusionIncreased PRL was associated with better BMD in patients with T2DM, especially in men. PRL within the biologically normal range may play a protective role in the BMD of T2DM.

AR/PCC herb pair inhibits osteoblast pyroptosis to alleviate diabetes‐related osteoporosis by activating Nrf2/Keap1 pathway

“…Therefore, deeper exploration is required to dissect the underlying reasons for impaired bone metabolic homeostasis in the presence of oxidative stress. Third, aside from the dysregulation of osteoblast‐related bone formation, the pathogenesis of osteoporosis in the context of DOP also involves additional factors such as osteoclast‐related bone resorption, disturbances in the mechanical environment, immune dysfunction and nutrition deficiency 66 . However, the effects of AR/PCC regarding these aspects have yet to be unravelled, and future investigations are warranted to unravel the impact of AR/PCC on osteoclast activity, immune dysfunction, and nutrient availability.…”

“…Therefore, deeper exploration is required to dissect the underlying reasons for impaired bone metabolic homeostasis in the presence of oxidative stress. Third, aside from the dysregulation of osteoblast-related bone formation, the pathogenesis of osteoporosis in the context of DOP also involves additional factors such as osteoclast-related bone resorption, disturbances in the mechanical environment, immune dysfunction and nutrition deficiency 66. However, the effects of AR/PCC regarding these aspects have yet to be unravelled, and future investigations are warranted to unravel the impact of AR/ PCC on osteoclast activity, immune dysfunction, and nutrient availability.CON CLUS IONIn summary, our study illustrates the effectiveness of AR/PCC in mitigating the elevation of FSG, improving bone loss and osteogenic capacity, promoting nerve ingrowth and angiogenesis, and inhibiting the Nlrp3-mediated pyroptosis in osteoblasts through the Nrf2/ Keap1 pathway activation.AUTH O R CO NTR I B UTI O N SFangda Fu: Data curation (equal); formal analysis (equal); methodology (equal); writing -original draft (equal).…”

Construction and validation of a risk prediction model for aromatase inhibitor-associated bone loss

“…PRL is secreted by the anterior pituitary gland, and studies have shown that women with hyperprolactinemia and prolactinomas have a higher incidence of vertebral fractures when compared to the normal population ( 20 ). Another study suggests that an increase in normal PRL levels may have a positive effect on BMD in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) rather than a significant increase in PRL ( 21 ). Our study indicates that higher levels of PRL are negatively associated with the development of AIBL and may serve as protective factors.…”

Estimation of Prolactin Level in Iraqi Diabetic Women of Menopause

“…However, experimental studies have also shown that PRL influences pancreatic cell development and lowers the threshold for glucose-stimulated insulin release [12]. Ages 30 to 50 seem to have higher levels in women than in males [13]. The lack of estrogen during menopause directly impacts CVD risk factors such as dyslipidemia, diabetes mellitus, obesity, or hypertension, raising the risk of CVD in menopausal women [14].…”

“…The medical staff assessed anthropometric measures including waist, hip, height, and body weight to determine body mass index (BMI) using this equation : BMI = (weight/kg) / (height m 2 ) [13]. Date of birth, gender, and history information including duration of diabetes was also requested and documented.…”