Prolonged Grief and Cognitive Decline: A Prospective Population-Based Study in Middle-Aged and Older Persons

Pérez, Heidi C. Saavedra; Ikram, M. Arfan; Direk, Neşe; Tiemeier, Henning

doi:10.1016/j.jagp.2017.12.003

Cited by 30 publications

(16 citation statements)

References 42 publications

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“…Cortisol levels were lowered in those with complicated grief versus those with no grief of normal grief [313] and experiencing complicated grief was also associated with a poor sleep quality cross-sectionally, albeit not longitudinally [314]. In contrast, prolonged grief was associated with cognitive decline over 7 years of follow-up [315].…”

Section: Main Results In the Last 3 Yearsmentioning

confidence: 92%

Objectives, design and main findings until 2020 from the Rotterdam Study

et al. 2020

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The Rotterdam Study is an ongoing prospective cohort study that started in 1990 in the city of Rotterdam, The Netherlands. The study aims to unravel etiology, preclinical course, natural history and potential targets for intervention for chronic diseases in mid-life and late-life. The study focuses on cardiovascular, endocrine, hepatic, neurological, ophthalmic, psychiatric, dermatological, otolaryngological, locomotor, and respiratory diseases. As of 2008, 14,926 subjects aged 45 years or over comprise the Rotterdam Study cohort. Since 2016, the cohort is being expanded by persons aged 40 years and over. The findings of the Rotterdam Study have been presented in over 1700 research articles and reports. This article provides an update on the rationale and design of the study. It also presents a summary of the major findings from the preceding 3 years and outlines developments for the coming period.

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Section: Main Results In the Last 3 Yearsmentioning

confidence: 92%

Objectives, design and main findings until 2020 from the Rotterdam Study

et al. 2020

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“…Although this study is within the particular context of China, the findings suggest important implications for similar parental bereavement outside China. In the context of global ageing, quite a number of elderly people may experience the death of a child during their lifetime, and a recent study suggests that PGD is a risk factor for cognitive decline in middle-aged and older persons during a 7-year follow-up period (Perez, Ikram, Direk, & Tiemeier, 2018). Data obtained from this study show that the prevalence of PGD and the PGD comorbidity with PTSD and depression among bereaved parents are relatively high, and therefore implementing assessments and interventions for the bereaved parents is an important issue that needs to be dealt with seriously.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Prolonged grief disorder in Chinese Shidu parents who have lost their only child

Zhang

Shang²,

Wu³

et al. 2020

European Journal of Psychotraumatology

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Background: China has the largest population of '"loss-of-only-child' parents, that are also known as Shidu parents in Chinese society; however, little is known about their unresolved grief. Objective: This is the first study to examine the grief symptoms, prevalence, comorbidity and potential predictors of prolonged grief disorder (PGD) in such parents, taking into consideration that the new PGD diagnostic criteria ICD-11 will soon be implemented in China. Methods: 149 Shidu parents completed assessments of PGD (PG-13), PTSD (PCL-C), depression (CES-D) and general psychiatric morbidity (GHQ-12) via in-person interviews. Results: Of the 149 Shidu parents, 22.2% met the PGD criteria, with a mean of 7.59 years post-loss, and 62.4% experienced daily longing or yearning. Regression analysis indicated that fewer years since loss, subjective perception of poor economic situation, female gender and more hospital visits were prominent risk factors for the development of PGD. Older age of the parents at the time of child loss was also associated with PGD. Parents with PGD had higher comorbidity of PTSD or depression compared with those without PGD. Conclusions: There is a high prevalence of PGD and a high rate of comorbidity between PGD and PTSD or depression in Shidu parents in China, which highlights the need of timely developing effective assessments and interventions to prevent PGD in this population, particularly in female, recently bereaved, low-income and aged parents who lost their only child.

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“…Those with complicated grief also had a smaller total brain volume, for both white matter and gray matter. Longitudinally, participants with complicated grief showed greater cognitive decline than matched, non-bereaved participants during seven years of follow-up in a very large sample(74). Those with non-complicated grief did not show cognitive decline over this period.…”

Section: Adaptation Of the Brain During Griefmentioning

confidence: 99%

Grief: A Brief History of Research on How Body, Mind, and Brain Adapt

O’Connor

2019

Psychosom Med

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Objective: Using an integrative view of psychology, neuroscience, immunology and psychophysiology, the present review of literature curates the findings that have had an impact on the field of bereavement research, and shaped its development. Methods: Beginning with Lindemann’s systematic descriptions of medical and psychological responses to the death of a loved one, specific studies that investigate medical outcomes following loss, their psychological predictors, and biopsychosocial mechanisms are discussed. This selective review culminates in recommendations for the field for future research, including greater integration of these disparate fields of inquiry. Results: Morbidity and mortality following the death of a loved one has long been a topic of research. Early researchers characterized somatic and psychological symptoms and studied immune cell changes in bereaved samples. More recent research has repeatedly demonstrated increased rates of morbidity and mortality in bereaved samples, as compared to married controls, in large epidemiological studies. Recent developments also include the development of criteria for prolonged grief disorder (also termed complicated grief). Newer methods, including neuroimaging, have observed that the greatest impact of the death of a loved one is in those who have the most severe psychological grief reactions. Mechanisms tying bereavement to medical outcomes are scarce, but differences in rumination, in inflammation and in cortisol dysregulation between those who adapt well and those who do not, have been offered with some evidence. Conclusions: Recommendations to propel the field forward include longitudinal studies to understand differences between acute reactions and later adaptation, comparing samples with grief disorders from those with more typical responses, and integrating responses in brain, mind and body.

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Prolonged Grief and Cognitive Decline: A Prospective Population-Based Study in Middle-Aged and Older Persons

Cited by 30 publications

References 42 publications

Objectives, design and main findings until 2020 from the Rotterdam Study

Objectives, design and main findings until 2020 from the Rotterdam Study

Prolonged grief disorder in Chinese Shidu parents who have lost their only child

Grief: A Brief History of Research on How Body, Mind, and Brain Adapt

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