Prolonged humoral and cellular immunity in COVID-19-recovered patients

Alsayb, May A.; Alsamiri, Ali Dakhilallah; Makhdoom, Hatem Q.; Alwasaidi, Turki; Osman, Haitham Mohammed; Mahallawi, Waleed H.

doi:10.1016/j.sjbs.2021.04.008

Cited by 14 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 25 publications

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“…It remained high 90 days after the infection in some individuals indicating long-term and steady antibody levels. Intriguingly, the male participants had notably higher anti-S IgG levels after recovery than females, as seen in other works reflecting sex-dependent humoral immune response against SARS CoV-2 ( 36 , 37 ). There was also a significant positive correlation between the patients’ age and their anti-S IgG antibody levels, showing a greater concentration in older adults compared to younger adults.…”

Section: Humoral Immunity During Covid-19 Infection and Recovery Stagesupporting

confidence: 77%

“…Recovered patients who presented with mild symptoms showed a noticeable rise in the percentage of B cells compared to healthy individuals. Despite specific anti-S IgG in all COVID-19 patients, regardless of how severe the symptoms are, a rise was seen in this antibody level as well ( 36 ). It remained high 90 days after the infection in some individuals indicating long-term and steady antibody levels.…”

Section: Humoral Immunity During Covid-19 Infection and Recovery Stagementioning

confidence: 99%

“…Lymphocytopenia has been observed in patients with different levels of COVID-19 severity ( 61 – 65 ). According to studies, the severity of the COVID-19 disease is positively correlated with the increased level of inflammatory cytokines while inversely correlated with lymphocyte numbers, especially in patients with severe and critical symptoms ( 61 , 64 – 68 ).…”

Section: Cd4 + and Cd8 + T Cell...mentioning

confidence: 99%

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An Update on Protective Effectiveness of Immune Responses After Recovery From COVID-19

et al. 2022

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Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) exhibits variable immunity responses among hosts based on symptom severity. Whether immunity in recovered individuals is effective for avoiding reinfection is poorly understood. Determination of immune memory status against SARS-CoV-2 helps identify reinfection risk and vaccine efficacy. Hence, after recovery from COVID-19, evaluation of protective effectiveness and durable immunity of prior disease could be significant. Recent reports described the dynamics of SARS-CoV-2 -specific humoral and cellular responses for more than six months in convalescent SARS-CoV-2 individuals. Given the current evidence, NK cell subpopulations, especially the memory-like NK cell subset, indicate a significant role in determining COVID-19 severity. Still, the information on the long-term NK cell immunity conferred by SARS-CoV-2 infection is scant. The evidence from vaccine clinical trials and observational studies indicates that hybrid natural/vaccine immunity to SARS-CoV-2 seems to be notably potent protection. We suggested the combination of plasma therapy from recovered donors and vaccination could be effective. This focused review aims to update the current information regarding immune correlates of COVID-19 recovery to understand better the probability of reinfection in COVID-19 infected cases that may serve as guides for ongoing vaccine strategy improvement.

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Section: Humoral Immunity During Covid-19 Infection and Recovery Stagesupporting

confidence: 77%

Section: Humoral Immunity During Covid-19 Infection and Recovery Stagementioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Cd4 + and Cd8 + T Cell...mentioning

confidence: 99%

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An Update on Protective Effectiveness of Immune Responses After Recovery From COVID-19

et al. 2022

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“…Studies that compare data between men and women are also necessary to investigate potential sex differences among adults. Furthermore, investigations exploring the level of cellular immunity in asymptomatic individuals are necessary, as a recent study showed that patients with asymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infection had a significantly increased natural killer (NK) cells fraction compared with the healthy, non-infected group, suggesting that NK cells may serve as an indicator of asymptomatic infections [ 34 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Assessment of SARS-CoV-2 Anti-Spike IgG Antibody in Women and Children in Madinah, Saudi Arabia: A Single-Center Study

Mahallawi

Ibrahim

Aljohani

et al. 2021

IJERPH

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Background: Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Information on the prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies in women and children in Madinah has been limited. The current study aimed to evaluate SARS-CoV-2 IgG seropositivity among women and children at Madinah Maternity and Children’s Hospital. Methods: In this cross-sectional study, 579 participants were recruited between January and April 2021 from Madinah Maternity and Children’s Hospital, Saudi Arabia. Data concerning age, sex (for children), blood group, and height and weight (for women) were collected from the hospital database. SARS-CoV-2 anti-spike (anti-S) IgG antibodies were detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Results: Over 58% of children (n = 195), including 60% of children ≤1 year (n = 75), and 50.2% (n = 124) of women were SARS-CoV-2 anti-S IgG seropositive. Significantly higher anti-S IgG levels were observed in children than in women (0.78 ± 1.05 vs. 0.65 ± 0.98, p = 0.008). Compared with women, children had higher odds of high SARS-CoV-2 anti-S IgG levels (odds ratio: 1.41; 95% confidence interval: 1.01–1.97; p = 0.041). No significant associations were observed for anti-S IgG levels with age in women or children or with body mass index among women. Conclusion: Non-reported COVID-19 infections were more prevalent among children than women, and non-reported COVID-19 infections children represent a viral transmission risk; therefore, increased screening, especially among school-aged children, may represent an important COVID-19 preventive control measure.

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“…The presence of a memory immune response could provide protection against reinfection [ 28 ], and the persistence of the IgG antibody has been identified over the long-term in COVID-19-recovered patients with different disease presentations [ 29 ]. Moreover, a recent study showed prolonged humoral as well as cellular immunity in recovered COVID-19 patients [ 3 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Infection with SARS-CoV-2 primes immunological memory in human nasal-associated lymphoid tissue

Mahallawi

Aljeraisi

2021

Clinical Immunology

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Background The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection, has resulted in considerable morbidity and mortality in humans. Little is known regarding the development of immunological memory following SARS-CoV-2 infection or whether immunological memory can provide long-lasting protection against reinfection. Urgent need for vaccines is a considerable issue for all governments worldwide. Methods A total of 39 patients were recruited in this study. Tonsillar mononuclear cells (MNCs) were co-cultured in RPMI medium and stimulated with the full-length SARS-CoV-2 spike protein in the presence and absence of a CpG-DNA adjuvant. An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was utilised to measure the specific antibody response to the spike protein in the cell culture supernatants. Results The SARS-CoV-2 spike protein primed a potent memory B cell-mediated immune response in nasal-associated lymphoid tissue (NALT) from patients previously infected with the virus. Additionally, spike protein combined with the CpG-DNA adjuvant induced a significantly increased level of specific anti-spike protein IgG antibody compared with the spike protein alone ( p < 0.0001, n = 24). We also showed a strong positive correlation between the specific anti-spike protein IgG antibody level in a serum samples and that produced by MNCs derived from the same COVID-19-recovered patients following stimulation ( r = 0.76, p = 0.0002, n = 24). Conclusion Individuals with serological evidence of previous SARS-CoV-2 exposure showed a significant anti-spike protein-specific memory humoral immune response to the viral spike protein upon stimulation. Additionally, our results demonstrated the functional response of NALT-derived MNCs to the viral spike protein. CpG-DNA adjuvant combined with spike protein induced significantly stronger humoral immune responses than the spike protein alone. These data indicate that the S protein antigen combined with CpG-DNA adjuvant could be used as a future vaccine candidate.

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Prolonged humoral and cellular immunity in COVID-19-recovered patients

Cited by 14 publications

References 25 publications

An Update on Protective Effectiveness of Immune Responses After Recovery From COVID-19

An Update on Protective Effectiveness of Immune Responses After Recovery From COVID-19

Assessment of SARS-CoV-2 Anti-Spike IgG Antibody in Women and Children in Madinah, Saudi Arabia: A Single-Center Study

Infection with SARS-CoV-2 primes immunological memory in human nasal-associated lymphoid tissue

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