Prolonged <i>T</i> values in newborn versus adult brain: Implications for fMRI studies of newborns

Rivkin, M. J.; Wolraich, David; Als, Heidelise; McAnulty, Gloria; Butler, Stephanie; Conneman, Nikk; Fischer, Catherine; Vajapeyam, Sridhar; Robertson, Richard L.; Mulkern, Robert V.

doi:10.1002/mrm.20098

Cited by 42 publications

(51 citation statements)

References 16 publications

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“…31,39 Age-related changes in signal intensity from the pallidum or thalamus, possibly attributable to the deposition of iron, have been reported. 22 Rivkin et al 40 measured T2* values in brain tissue of neonates and adults with a mean age of 38 years, which included the frontal and parietooccipital areas in the WM as well as the thalamus. For the adult group, they reported mean T2* values ranging from 62 to 69 ms and a brain average of T2* values of 66 Ϯ 5 ms.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Age-Dependent Normal Values of T2* and T2′ in Brain Parenchyma

Siemonsen¹,

Finsterbusch²,

Matschke³

et al. 2008

AJNR Am J Neuroradiol

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Age-Dependent Normal Values of T2* and T2′ in Brain Parenchyma

Siemonsen¹,

Finsterbusch²,

Matschke³

et al. 2008

AJNR Am J Neuroradiol

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“…Fetal, preterm and neonatal brains are characterized by longer T * 2 values than adults. This is due to their higher content of water and to incomplete myelination, synaptogenesis and synaptic pruning processes (Rivkin et al, 2004). The difference between these populations is substantial.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

An exploration of task based fMRI in neonates using echo-shifting to allow acquisition at longer T without loss of temporal efficiency

et al. 2016

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Optimal Contrast to Noise Ratio of the BOLD signal in neonatal and fetal fMRI has been hard to achieve because of the much longer T * 2 values in developing brain tissue in comparison to those in the mature adult brain. The conventional approach of optimizing fMRI sequences would suggest matching the echo time (T E ) and the T * 2 of the neonatal and fetal brain. However, the use of a long echo time would typically increase the minimum repetition time (T R ) resulting in inefficient sampling. Here we apply the concept of echo shifting to task based neonatal fMRI in order to achieve an improved Contrast to Noise Ratio and efficient data sampling at the same time. Echo shifted EPI (es-EPI) is a modification of a standard 2D-EPI sequence which enables echo times longer than the time * Corresponding author Email address: giulio.ferrazzi@kcl.ac.uk (Giulio Ferrazzi) 1 Contributed equally to the paper Preprint submitted to NeuroImage January 18, 2016, where N S is the number of acquired slices and T S the inter-slice repetition time). The proposed method was tested on neonatal subjects using a passive sensori-motor task paradigm. Dual echo EPI datasets with an identical readout structure to es-EPI were also acquired and used as control data to assess BOLD activation. From the results of the latter analysis, an average increase of 78 ± 41 % in Contrast to Noise Ratio was observable when comparing late to short echoes. Furthermore, es-EPI allowed the acquisition of data with an identical contrast to the late echo, but more efficiently since a higher number of slices could be acquired in the same amount of time.

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“…55 The newborn brain has higher water content, lower macromolecular concentration and lower synaptic density than that of older children, and these differences might necessitate changes in relaxation times for fMRI studies. Rivkin et al employed spoiled gradient echo measurements of T2* values within the brains of newborns, 9-month-old infants and adults, and found significantly higher values within the neonatal group than in either of the other groups.…”

Section: Imaging the Newborn Brainmentioning

confidence: 99%

Injury and recovery in the developing brain: evidence from functional MRI studies of prematurely born children

Ment

Constable

2007

Nat Rev Neurol

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SUMMARYFunctional MRI (fMRI) might provide important insights into emerging data that suggest that recovery from injury can occur in the brains of children born prematurely. Strategies employing auditory stimulation demonstrate blood-oxygen-level-dependent (BOLD) activation in preterm infants as young as 33 weeks' gestational age, and reliable BOLD signal in response to visual stimulation occurs at term-equivalent age. Strategies based on fMRI are particularly suited to the study of language and memory, and emerging data are likely to provide insights into perplexing reports that have demonstrated improving cognitive scores but persistent volumetric and microstructural changes in frontotemporal language systems in the prematurely born. Even when sex, gestational age and early medical and environmental interventions are taken into account, fMRI data from several investigators suggest the engagement of alternative neural networks for language and memory in the developing preterm brain.

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Prolonged T values in newborn versus adult brain: Implications for fMRI studies of newborns

Cited by 42 publications

References 16 publications

Age-Dependent Normal Values of T2* and T2′ in Brain Parenchyma

Age-Dependent Normal Values of T2* and T2′ in Brain Parenchyma

An exploration of task based fMRI in neonates using echo-shifting to allow acquisition at longer T without loss of temporal efficiency

Injury and recovery in the developing brain: evidence from functional MRI studies of prematurely born children

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