Prolonged Practice of Swimming Is Negatively Related to Bone Mineral Density Gains in Adolescents

Ribeiro-dos-Santos, Marcelo Rodrigues; Lynch, Kyle R.; Agostinete, Ricardo Ribeiro; Maillane-Vanegas, Santiago; Turi-Lynch, Bruna Camilo; Ito, Igor Hideki; Luiz-de-Marco, Rafael; Rodrigues-Junior, Mario A.; Fernandes, Rômulo Araújo

doi:10.11005/jbm.2016.23.3.149

Cited by 19 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 36 publications

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“…The impact of different sports on bone health, such as soccer, basketball, gymnastics, swimming and tennis, is already described in the literature. [ 9 14 15 16 ] However, there are still doubts about track and field, a sport composed of different competitions (races, jumps, throws, and combinations). [ 17 ] Due to track and field's mechanical impact, theoretically, it can improve BMD by promoting stress of bone matrix and producing essential growth changes of the bone structure.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Track and Field Practice and Bone Outcomes among Adolescents: A Pilot Study (ABCD-Growth Study)

et al. 2018

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BackgroundOsteoporosis is considered a public health problem with high worldwide prevalence. One approach to prevention is through the promotion of physical activity, especially exercise, during adolescence.MethodsThis study compared bone variables in different body segments in adolescents according to participation in track and field. The study included 34 adolescents (22 boys), of whom 17 were track and field athletes and 17 were control subjects. Bone mineral density (BMD, g/cm2) and bone mineral content (BMC, g) were analyzed using dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (total body stratified by body segments). Peak height velocity was used to estimate somatic maturation.ResultsAthletes had higher BMD (P=0.003) and BMC (P=0.011) values in the lower limbs and higher whole body BMD (P=0.025) than the control group. However, when adjusted for confounding factors, the difference was not maintained. The groups had similar lean soft tissue values (P=0.094). Training overload was positively correlated with BMD in the upper limbs (r=0.504; 95% confidence interval, 0.031-0.793). Although track and field athletes had higher BMD and BMC values in the lower limbs, these differences were not significant when adjusted for confounding factors.ConclusionsTrack and field participation in adolescence appears to influence BMD and BMC in lower limbs, and fat-free mass seems to mediate this effect. Also, higher training loads were found to be positive for bone health in upper limbs.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Track and Field Practice and Bone Outcomes among Adolescents: A Pilot Study (ABCD-Growth Study)

et al. 2018

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“…In terms of conflicting data about sports and risk of bone fractures, it is relevant to highlight that sports participation improves BMD (Agostinete et al, 2016; Ubago-Guisado, Gómez-Cabello, Sánchez-Sánchez, García-Unanue, & Gallardo, 2015), but the effectiveness of higher BMD on the prevention against fractures is unclear (Wren et al, 2012). Moreover, the osteogenic effect attributed to sports participation is based on the exposition of bone matrix to mechanical strain, thus it is not known if non-impact sports are effective in reducing the risk of stress fractures when compared to adolescents not engaged in sports, mainly because its osteogenic effect is under discussion (Kemper, 2006;Ribeiro-Dos-Santos et al, 2016).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Impact sports and bone fractures among adolescents

Lynch

Kemper

Turi-Lynch

et al. 2016

Journal of Sports Sciences

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The objective of the present study was to investigate the effects of different sports on stress fractures among adolescents during a 9-month follow-up period. The sample was composed of 184 adolescents divided into three groups (impact sports [n = 102]; swimming [n = 35]; non-sports [n = 47]). The occurrence of stress fracture was reported by participants and coaches. As potential confounders we considered age, sex, resistance training, body composition variables and age at peak of height velocity. There were 13 adolescents who reported fractures during the 9-month period. Bone mineral density values were higher in adolescents engaged in impact sports (P-value = 0.002). Independently of confounders, the risk of stress fracture was lower in adolescents engaged in impact sports than in non-active adolescents (hazard ratio [HR] = 0.23 [95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.05 to 0.98]), while swimming practice was not associated to lower risk of fracture (HR = 0.49 [95% CI = 0.09 to 2.55]). In conclusion, the findings from this study indicate the importance of sports participation among adolescents in the reduction of stress fracture risk, especially with impact sports. More importantly, these results could be relevant for recognising adolescents in danger of not reaching their potential for peak bone mass and later an increased risk of fractures.

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“…20 Regular participation in weight-bearing sports during adolescence is linked to bone density gains. 9 Stronger bones reduce the likelihood of pathological fractures. 11 Although our findings did not reveal that sport had any direct role in the bone mineral density results, sports participation is beneficial for gain and maintenance of muscle mass.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This nine-month period was determined through examining previous studies reported in the literature and through work done by our research group, in which it was identified that nine months of exercise practice/ sports participation was sufficient for this to promote positive effects on bone health among adolescents. 9,[16][17] The study was conducted in the metropolitan region of the city of Presidente Prudente, which is in the western part of the state of São Paulo, with a population of 200,000 inhabitants and a human development index of 0.806.…”

Section: Design Setting and Participantsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sports participation and muscle mass affect sex-related differences in bone mineral density between male and female adolescents: A longitudinal study

Luiz-de-Marco

Kemper²,

Agostinete

et al. 2019

Sao Paulo Med. J.

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Bone health has become a concern in modern society due to the economic burden and impairment in quality of life caused by osteoporosis. 1 Osteoporotic fractures increase both healthcare costs and the risk of early mortality. 2-4 Taking into account the epidemiology of osteoporosis, women exhibit greater risk of developing osteoporosis than do men. This greater risk for the female sex is strongly determined by specific events that occur during adolescence. 5 The current literature shows how childhood and adolescence are complex phases that are critical periods for the development of bone mineral density (BMD) accrual. There is increasing acceptance of the hypothesis that osteoporosis may be a pediatric metabolic disease, with manifestations during adulthood. 6 Therefore, the peak bone mass reached during this period is a determinant of BMD observed during adulthood, and this constitutes a relevant determinant of the risk of osteoporosis in adulthood. 7 Among the variables capable of affecting bone health, sports participation plays an important role in the process of boosting bone gains during childhood and adolescence. 8 Thus, it is important to consider sports and resistance training as relevant tools for improving bone mineral density (BMD) 8-9 and joint stability, with consequently stronger bones. 11 Another relevant fact is that the rate of sports participation may differ between boys and girls, such that it is higher among males. 9,10-13 Moreover, during adolescence, there are several correlates affecting sex-related differences in gains of bone mineral content among athletes and non-athletes, such as maturation, muscle mass and dietary factors. 14,15

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Prolonged Practice of Swimming Is Negatively Related to Bone Mineral Density Gains in Adolescents

Cited by 19 publications

References 36 publications

Track and Field Practice and Bone Outcomes among Adolescents: A Pilot Study (ABCD-Growth Study)

Track and Field Practice and Bone Outcomes among Adolescents: A Pilot Study (ABCD-Growth Study)

Impact sports and bone fractures among adolescents

Sports participation and muscle mass affect sex-related differences in bone mineral density between male and female adolescents: A longitudinal study

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