Prolonged Suppressive Effects of Periodontitis on Salivary TFF3 Production

Abstract

Objective As a follow-up to our previous study that demonstrated decreased salivary trefoil factor family 3 (TFF3) peptide levels in chronic periodontitis patients, this current study aimed to observe the effects of nonsurgical periodontal treatment on salivary TFF3 peptides in patients with periodontal diseases. Materials and Methods Eighty-seven volunteers that comprised of 30 individuals with healthy periodontium, 31 with gingivitis, and 26 with chronic periodontitis were considered for the study. Prior to periodontal treatment, a general periodontal examination was performed along with collection of saliva samples from each volunteer. Nonsurgical periodontal treatments were provided to patients with gingivitis and periodontitis. Two weeks post-treatment, saliva samples were recollected, and the periodontal status was re-evaluated. Salivary TFF3 concentrations were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Statistical Analysis Mann–Whitney U test was used when the investigated data were not normally distributed. Chi-squared test was used when dealing with categorical data. Kruskal–Wallis test with post-hoc corrections was used to compare data among the three investigated groups. Two-tailed p < 0.05 was considered as statistically significant. Results Prior to the periodontal treatment, salivary TFF3 concentrations in patients with gingivitis and periodontitis were significantly lower than those with healthy periodontium. Two weeks post-treatment, increased levels of salivary TFF3 were observed in patients with gingivitis, whereas the concentrations decreased in patients with chronic periodontitis. Conclusion This study demonstrated the effects of periodontal disease on the production of salivary TFF3 peptides. Interestingly, nonsurgical periodontal treatment also affected the recovery of salivary TFF3 peptides but varied in their outcomes between gingivitis and periodontitis patients.

The trefoil factor family 1 (TFF‐1) and 3 (TFF‐3) are upregulated in the saliva, gingival crevicular fluid and serum of periodontitis patients

“…They also found no significant difference in TFF‐1 expression of gingival tissue between groups (Chaiyarit, Chayasadom, et al., 2012). A very recent study by Hormdee et al., (2019) showed that lower salivary TFF‐3 in gingivitis patients increased after periodontal treatment, but also there was no significant difference before and after treatment in periodontitis patients. In contrast to these studies, our findings demonstrated that TFF‐1 and TFF‐3 levels increased in both GCF, saliva and serum of patients with periodontitis.…”

“…Pathologic expression of TFF peptides has been shown in a variety of chronic inflammatory diseases (Astor et al., 2011; Henze et al., 2017). Regarding periodontal inflammation, very few studies investigated these peptides in saliva or gingival tissues of patients with peridontal disease (Chaiyarit, Chayasadom, et al., 2012; Hormdee et al., 2019; Meesala et al., 2018). It should be remembered that TFFs are originated not only from salivary glands but also mainly epithelial cells of various tissues in body.…”

“…Chaiyarit et al (Chaiyarit, Chayasadom, et al., 2012) demonstrated the expression of TFF peptides in periodontal tissues by immunohistochemical analysis. Salivary secretion of TFF‐3 was also found to be changed in periodontal diseases before and after periodontal treatment in recent researches (Hormdee et al., 2019; Meesala et al., 2018). Therefore, TFF peptides might be crucial factors during the inflammatory reactions of the destructive periodontal diseases.…”

“…Elevated concentrations of TFF‐1 and TFF‐3 have been demonstrated which suggest that they might have an essential role in host defense and could be promising biomarkers in chronic inflammatory diseases (Aamann et al., 2014; Astor et al., 2011; Du et al., 2013; Henze et al., 2017; Lebherz‐Eichinger et al., 2015). On the other hand, very limited number of studies have examined the role of those peptides in the case of periodontal diseases (Chaiyarit, Chayasadom, et al., 2012; Hormdee et al., 2019; Meesala et al., 2018). Chaiyarit et al (Chaiyarit, Chayasadom, et al., 2012) demonstrated the expression of TFF peptides in periodontal tissues by immunohistochemical analysis.…”

Periodontal Epidemiology

“…44 Another study demonstrated effects of periodontal disease based on the production of salivary salivary trefoil factor (TTF) 3 peptides. 45 Another study mentioned that salivary MMP-8 levels are indicated by the diabetic influence in periodontium. 46 A biochemical study on GCF validated the use of oxidative stress index as a marker for periodontal disease activity, and highlighted the role of oxidative stress-induced damage in the periodontium of diabetic individuals.…”