Promising Expectations for Pneumococcal Vaccination during COVID-19

Abstract

The emergence of new viral infections has increased over the decades. The novel virus is one such pathogen liable for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection, popularly known as coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Most fatalities during the past century’s influenza pandemics have cooperated with bacterial co/secondary infections. Unfortunately, many reports have claimed that bacterial co-infection is also predominant in COVID-19 patients (COVID-19 associated co/secondary infection prevalence is up to 45.0%). In the COVID-19 pandemic, Streptococcus pneumoniae is the most common coinfecting pathogen. Half of the COVID-19 mortality cases showed co-infection, and pneumonia-related COVID-19 mortality in patients >65 years was 23%. The weakening of immune function caused by COVID-19 remains a high-risk factor for pneumococcal disease. Pneumococcal disease and COVID-19 also have similar risk factors. For example, underlying medical conditions on COVID-19 and pneumococcal diseases increase the risk for severe illness at any age; COVID-19 is now considered a primary risk factor for pneumococcal pneumonia and invasive pneumococcal disease. Thus, pneumococcal vaccination during the COVID-19 pandemic has become more critical than ever. This review presents positive studies of pneumococcal vaccination in patients with COVID-19 and other medical conditions and the correlational effects of pneumococcal disease with COVID-19 to prevent morbidity and mortality from co/secondary infections and superinfections. It also reports the importance and role of pneumococcal vaccination during the current COVID-19 pandemic era to strengthen the global health system.

Influenza and pneumococcal vaccination and the risk of COVID-19: A systematic review and meta-analysis

“…However, it has been argued that the proportion of COVID-19 patients with bacterial coinfections and/or super-infections may be lower compared to what we have seen in patients suffering from influenza [55–57]. Nevertheless, since vaccination is beneficial per se, it has been suggested that pneumococcal vaccination can, to some extent, provide additional protection to the COVID-19 patients reducing the morbidity and mortality [58]. Animal studies have also shown that an initial SARS-CoV-2 infection can increase susceptibility and pathogenicity to bacterial coinfection [59].…”

Influenza and Pneumococcal Vaccination and the Risk of COVID-19: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

“…However, it has been argued that the proportion of COVID-19 patients with bacterial coinfections and/or super-infections may be lower compared to what we have seen in patients suffering from influenza [ 82 , 83 , 84 ]. Nevertheless, since vaccination is beneficial per se, it has been suggested that pneumococcal vaccination can, to some extent, provide additional protection to COVID-19 patients, reducing the morbidity and mortality [ 85 ]. Animal studies have also shown that an initial SARS-CoV-2 infection can increase susceptibility and pathogenicity to bacterial coinfection [ 86 ].…”

Black Fungus and beyond: COVID-19 associated infections

“…In a recent study, S. pneumoniae was deemed to be the most common co-infecting pathogen with a 59.5% coinfection rate in COVID-19 patients. 13 …”

“…In addition, it is imperative that patients at high risk for superimposed pneumococcal infection obtain their pneumococcal vaccine for prevention. 13 …”