Promoting neuroregeneration after perinatal arterial ischemic stroke: neurotrophic factors and mesenchymal stem cells

Abstract

Newborns suffering from perinatal arterial ischemic stroke (PAIS) are at risk of neurodevelopmental problems. Current treatment options for PAIS are limited and mainly focus on supportive care, as presentation of PAIS is beyond the time window of current treatment strategies. Therefore, recent focus has shifted to interventions that stimulate regeneration of damaged brain tissue. From animal models, it is known that the brain increases its neurogenic capability after ischemic injury, by promoting neural cell proliferation and differentiation. However, neurogenesis is not maintained at the long term, which consequently impedes full repair leading to adverse consequences later in life. Boosting neuroregeneration of the newborn brain using treatment with neurotrophic factors and/or mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) may be promising novel therapeutic strategies to improve neurological prospects and quality of life of infants with PAIS. This review focuses on effectiveness of neurotrophic growth factors, including erythropoietin, brain-derived neurotrophic factor, vascular endothelial growth factor, glial-derived neurotrophic factor, and MSC therapy, in both experimental neonatal stroke studies and first clinical trials for neonatal ischemic brain injury.

Neonatal systemic inflammation and the risk of low scores on measures of reading and mathematics achievement at age 10 years among children born extremely preterm

“…According to this hypothesis the mother and/or placenta provide the fetus with proteins needed for brain maturation, and birth before the newborn can synthesize adequate amounts of these proteins deprives the brain of needed brain‐maturation enhancers (Reuss et al, 1994). These proteins with neurotrophic properties, which are often growth factors, are now recognized as having angiogenic properties (Su et al, 2018; Kermani et al, 2005; Usui et al, 2014), and capable of reducing the risk of brain damage and/or promoting repair (Larpthaveesarp et al, 2015; Wagenaar et al, 2017) Some of these proteins are viewed as mainly neurotrophic, while others are primarily considered angiogenic (Jin et al, 2002; Sun et al, 2003). Regardless, these proteins almost invariably have both neurotrophic and angiogenic properties (Sun et al, 2003; Madri, 2009; Meng et al, 2014; Rosa et al, 2010; Marteau et al, 2011; Liu et al, 2009; Wang et al, 2015; Hansen et al, 2008; Kosacka et al, 2006).…”

Identification of volatile active components in Acori Tatarinowii Rhizome essential oil from different regions in China by C6 glioma cells

“…The bioactivity assays studied in this work included regulation of anti-oxidative proteins (GPx1, SOD2 and UCP2), neurotrophic factors (NGF, BDNF and GDNF) and pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α). The up-regulation of anti-oxidative proteins (GPx1, SOD2 and UCP2) and inhibition of pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α) could protect neurons against damage caused by injury, oxidative stress and inflammation, while the induction of neurotrophic factors could promote neuroregeneration [ 14 , 43 ]. Our results indicated that ATEO exhibited anti-oxidative, anti-inflammatory and neurotrophic effects which were supported by previous findings that ATEO protected H 2 O 2 -induced cell injury via CREB/PGC-1α activation in PC12 cells and induced the expression of neurotrophic factors by protein kinase A (PKA) in cultured astrocytes [ 15 , 44 ].…”

Human Amniotic Epithelial Cells Recover Mouse model of Parkinson’s Disease mainly by Neuroprotective，Anti-oxidative and Anti-inflammatory factors

“…3A, 3B). On the other hand, hAECs were reported to produce a number of neurotrophic factors [20], which have neuroprotective effects on damaged neurons [22][23][24]. Thus, we wondered if the hAEC-CM also had neuroprotective effect on primary mesencephalic neurons lesioned by MPP + .…”

“…Thus, hAECs possess some pluripotent characteristics and have the potential ability to differentiate into neural cells [18,19]. In addition, hAECs also synthesize and release some neurotrophic factors and growth factors [20,21], which have been demonstrated to play an important role in improving the microenvironment beneficial for the repair/regeneration of damaged/degenerated neurons and restoration of the neurological functions [22][23][24]. Interestingly, some anti-inflammatory factors are also secreted by hAECs [25], which could contribute to the attenuation of neuroinflammatory response in PD.…”