Conspectus
A super-repellent
surface is a type of liquid-repellency material
that allows for various liquid drops to bead up, roll off, or even
bounce back. Known for its ability to remain dry, perform self-cleaning,
and have a low adhesion, a super-repellent surface presents great
advantages in a number of applications. These include antifogging,
anti-icing, oil/water separation, and fluid drag reduction. To fend
off the liquids or drops, super-repellent surfaces combine the merits
of surface chemistry and physical structure. By taking advantage of
a low surface energy to prevent liquid from spreading, the super-repellent
surfaces utilize the micronano structure to provide a framework that
confines the solid–liquid interactions. Compared to beading
up the drop of water, the repellence of liquid with low surface tension
requires the subtle design of surface structure to resist the wetting
of liquids. However, the inherent instabilities of the fragile micronano
structure of super-repellent surfaces and solid–liquid interactions
further make the fabrication of super-repellent surfaces complex to
withstand dynamic environments (friction or wear) during application.
In addition, the transparency and thermal stability of super-repellent
surfaces are also the restrictive factors in some special application
scenarios. To solve these challenges, durable super-repellent surfaces
that can repel various liquids, possess robust mechanical and thermal
stability, and show high transparency have been explored extensively
in recent years.
In this Account, we systematically review our
recent efforts to
promote the super-repellent surfaces for real-world applications.
Super-repellent surfaces that exhibit excellent resistance to various
liquids, including liquids with low surface tension or high viscosity,
were subtly designed and fabricated in some manner. Considering the
stability of the wetting state at the solid–liquid interface,
we established an evaluation system that includes highly curved surfaces
and high Laplace-pressure conditions. To further perfect the wetting
mechanism at the solid–liquid interactions, the dynamic wettability
of super-repellent surfaces regulated by surface charge enrichment
that was generated from solid–liquid interface separation was
investigated. To resolve the bottleneck problem of the mechanical
stability of super-repellent surfaces in real-world applications,
a new decoupling material design mechanism was proposed, with a nanostructure
that maintains water repellency and a microstructure providing durability.
On the basis of the performance of the liquid-repellency, transparency,
and mechanical and thermal stability of the super-repellent surfaces,
a series of applications were demonstrated, such as microsphere synthesis,
drop transportation and manipulation, and self-cleaning solar panels.
Finally, a concise summary of this Account, including challenges and
opportunities in super-repellent materials, has been provided. This
research provides important guidance on solid–liquid interactions
for ...