“…It has been found to correlate negatively and significantly with L2 development (i.e., as anxiety goes up, language development goes down; for examples and reviews of findings indicating this tendency, see Gardner & MacIntyre, 1993; Phillips, 1992; Yan & Wang, 2001). It has also been negatively related to learners’ self-assessment of their L2 proficiency (Liu & Jackson, 2008) and to L2 performance on the subskills of listening comprehension (Elkhafaifi, 2005), reading and writing (Argaman & Abu-Rabia, 2002), and even pronunciation (Szyszka, 2017). Foreign language anxiety (FLA) has been found to correlate significantly with key constructs associated with L2 performance: attitude and motivation (Clément, Dörnyei, & Noels, 1994; Ehrman & Oxford, 1995), willingness to communicate (MacIntyre, Dörnyei, Clément & Noels, 1998), confidence and self-esteem (Clément et al 1994; MacIntyre & Gardner, 1994), attitudes toward errors and mistakes (Mak & White, 1997), and personality (Ehrman & Oxford, 1995).…”