Proof-of-Authentication for Scalable Blockchain in Resource-Constrained Distributed Systems

This article presents the first-ever blockchain which can simultaneously handle device and data security, which is important for the emerging Internet-of-Everything (IoE). This article presents a unique concept of blockchain that integrates hardware security primitives called Physical Unclonable Functions (PUFs) to solve scalability, latency, and energy requirement challenges and is called PUFchain. Data management and security (and privacy) of data, devices, and individuals, are some of the issues in the IoE architectures that need to be resolved. Integrating the blockchain into the IoE environment can help solve these issues and helps in the aspects of data storage and security. This article introduces a new blockchain architecture called PUFchain and introduces a new consensus algorithm called "Proof of PUF-Enabled Authentication" (PoP) for deployment in PUFchain. The proposed PoP is the PUF integration into our previously proposed Proof-of-Authentication (PoAh) consensus algorithm and can be called "Hardware-Assisted Proof-of-Authentication (HA-PoAh)". However, PUF integration is possible in the existing and new consensus algorithms. PoP utilizes PUFs which are responsible for generating a unique key that cannot be cloned and hence provide the highest level of security. A PUF uses the nanoelectronic manufacturing variations that are introduced during the fabrication of an integrated circuit to generate the keys. Hence, once generated from a PUF module, the keys cannot be cloned or generated from any other module. PUFchain uses a PUF and Hashing module which performs the necessary cryptographic functions. Hence the mining process is offloaded to the hardware module which reduces the processing times. PoP is approximately 1,000× faster than the well-established Proof-of-Work (PoW) and 5× faster than Proof-of-Authentication (PoAh). The transaction time reduction compared to PoAh is 79.15%. An optimized ultra low power design of the PUF and hashing module also provides a significant decrease of power consumption.

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“…A "Transaction" is requested by a Computing Machine (i.e. "Node") Peer-to-Peer (P2P) network of "Nodes" Oldest Block [1,34,33,9,38].…”

Section: Transaction Completementioning

confidence: 99%

“…of blockchain technology which either prevent its application or make it computationally and energy demanding are shown in Fig. 6 [1,34,33].…”

Section: Transaction Completementioning

confidence: 99%

PUFchain: A Hardware-Assisted Blockchain for Sustainable Simultaneous Device and Data Security in the Internet of Everything (IoE)

Mohanty

Yanambaka

Kougianos

et al. 2020

IEEE Consumer Electron. Mag.

Self Cite

107

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“…In [17], a lightweight (energy efficient) algorithm named as proof of authentication (PoAh) for IoT blockchains is introduced. Since the devices in an IoT blockchain are restricted with minimal battery resources, therefore, traditional PoW and PoS algorithms cannot be applied directly.…”

Section: Proof Of Authentication (Poah) [17]mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Above discussion is a mixture of articles from both academia and industry. References [18] [19] rely on the smart contract protocol, [9] uses PoS, [17] proposes PoAh, [20] relies on PoG, and [21] is based on Intel's PoE algorithms, respectively. In most of the approaches, hashrate is considered to be the main design, voting, and decision making parameter.…”

Section: Intel's Proof-of-elapsed (Poe) [21]mentioning

confidence: 99%

Bitcoin and Its Energy Usage: Existing Approaches, Important Opinions, Current Trends, and Future Challenges

2020

KSII TIIS

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Recent years have shown a great interest of public in buying and selling of crypto/digital currency. With hundreds of digital currencies in financial market, bitcoin remains the most widely used, adapted, and accepted currency around the world. However, the critics of bitcoin still consider it a threat to modern day power usage. This paper discusses the important pitfalls, pros, and cons related to bitcoin's energy consumption. The paper begins by highlighting the flexibilities cryptocurrency can bring to online money transfers compared to traditional 'fiat' architecture. Then, the focus of the paper entirely remains on listing various facts related to bitcoin's energy utilization including a brief description of several emerging approaches for energy optimization. This paper is concluded by revealing key current challenges associated to bitcoin's energy usage. .

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“…In a distributed network, communication should operate with minimum delay. Distributed networks are also susceptible to security threats [3] arising the need for high-security mechanisms to secure IoT systems in the network [4]. However, traditional mechanisms and centralized security authorization are inadequate due to scalability problems [5,6] and there is thus a need for decentralized access control and delay-sensitive authentication for IoT devices to operate optimally [7].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

EC-ElGamal and Genetic Algorithm-Based Enhancement for Lightweight Scalable Blockchain in IoT Domain

Jayabalasamy

Koppu

2020

IEEE Access

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Security, data privacy and decentralization are significant challenges in the Internet of Things (IoT) domain. These challenges are inherited attribute of another emerging technology, Blockchain. This enforced convergence of IoT and Blockchain, attracting researchers to study on the effective use of Blockchain's strength to solve the challenges of IoT. Rapid IoT adoption requires standardization and mature solution on security, data protection for compliance and performance for commercialization. These demands made a surge in variant blockchain flavours and combinations catering to different problems, and one such is Lightweight Scalable Blockchain (LSB). LSB had considerable caveats that require improvement for better adoption in the IoT domain. This paper focuses on encrypting transaction transmission, improving transaction flow, block validation, hash quality, hash rate and storage cost to improvise security and performance. The experimental evaluation is demonstrated on data from the temperature sensor to showcase superior applicability of the proposed work in the IoT domain. Implementation and result comparison with conventional LSB proves, the following achievements 1) An additional layer of transaction encryption using hybrid Elliptic Curve ElGamal (EC-ElGamal) method increases the security of the transmitted transaction for security enhancement. 2) Obtained 20% reduction in transaction processing time, 22% reduction on block validation processing time, 53% improvement on the hash operation and quality with an overall 7% saving on the storage cost thereby increased the overall performance.

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Proof-of-Authentication for Scalable Blockchain in Resource-Constrained Distributed Systems

Cited by 71 publications

References 12 publications

PUFchain: A Hardware-Assisted Blockchain for Sustainable Simultaneous Device and Data Security in the Internet of Everything (IoE)

PUFchain: A Hardware-Assisted Blockchain for Sustainable Simultaneous Device and Data Security in the Internet of Everything (IoE)

Bitcoin and Its Energy Usage: Existing Approaches, Important Opinions, Current Trends, and Future Challenges

EC-ElGamal and Genetic Algorithm-Based Enhancement for Lightweight Scalable Blockchain in IoT Domain

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