Proof of concept for a biochemical test that differentiates between heattreated and nonheattreated food products

Iline, I.I.; Novoselov, M. A.; Phillips, C.B.

doi:10.30843/nzpp.2013.66.5533

Cited by 3 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 12 publications

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“…3 ). Commodities exhibit biochemical responses to treatments as well, and these also offer new possibilities for verifying efficacy, as was recently illustrated by a proof of concept test for verifying various foods have been heat treated (Iline et al 2013 ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Methyl bromide fumigation and delayed mortality: safe trade of live pests?

et al. 2014

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Live organisms intercepted from treated commodities during phytosanitary inspections usually arouse suspicions of treatment failure, sub-standard treatment application, or post-treatment infestation. The additional possibility that some treatments could kill slowly, meaning commodities might be inspected before pests have succumbed, is seldom considered for treatments other than irradiation. We used a novel biochemical viability assay to measure delays between methyl bromide fumigation and mortality of dipteran eggs, and evaluated the correspondence between egg viability and egg morphological features. Our experimental conditions simulated shipping of rock melons from Australia to New Zealand by sea and air. No eggs survived fumigation, but they took 3–20 days to die, whereas phytosanitary inspections of rock melons occur within 2–7 days. Delays were not influenced by methyl bromide concentration, but were significantly lengthened by cooler storage temperatures. Methyl bromide’s preservative effects delayed degradation of egg morphology, so the biochemical assay detected mortality long before morphological signs of egg death appeared. The results show that commodities subjected to effective methyl bromide treatments are at risk of being inspected before all pests have either died, or started to exhibit morphological signs of death. This could cause commodities to be unnecessarily rejected by quarantine authorities. Better methods than inspection for live pests are needed to assist authorities to gain assurance that treated commodities have been effectively disinfested. These could be developed by exploiting biochemical responses of pests and commodities to treatments.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Methyl bromide fumigation and delayed mortality: safe trade of live pests?

et al. 2014

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“…Various enzymes and sugars have been detected in fresh wood samples (Sagisaka 1972;Haissig & Schipper 1978;Moeller et al 2006), but there have been few studies of either dry or ISPM15treated wood. In general, heating to 56°C is usually insufficient to completely inactivate enzymes, though it may reduce their activity (Anderson 2002;Gonzalez et al 2011;Iline et al 2013). Heating, however, should cause sap to move within xylem, thus metabolite concentrations in different parts of the wood profile may change with heat-treatment.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This paper investigates enzymes and sugars in xylem of Pinus radiata for their potential utility in verifying that WPM has been ISPM15 heattreated. Methods similar to those recently applied to develop other tests for verifying compliance have been used (Iline et al 2013;Novoselov et al 2013;Phillips et al 2013;Phillips et al 2014).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Towards a test to verify that wood has been heattreated to the ISPM15 standard

Iline¹,

Novoselov²,

Richards³

et al. 2014

NZPP

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International trade of wood including dunnage is a wellknown pathway for spreading diseases and woodboring insects between countries To mitigate this risk the International Standard for Phytosanitary Measures No 15 (ISPM15) states that wood to confirm that wood has been properly heattreated After preliminary investigations of 12 enzymes and 3 sugars from pine xylem experiments focused on malate dehydrogenase (MDH) and fructose Samples from the surfaces of heattreated Pinus radiata wood exhibited decreased MDH activity and increased fructose concentration However samples from 5 mm deeper in the profile of heated wood showed similar MDH activity to unheated wood but contained relatively lower fructose concentrations There is potential to exploit heatinduced changes in MDH activity and fructose concentration to develop a quick easilyused assay for verifying compliance of wood packaging materials with ISPM15

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Potential to exploit postmortem enzyme degradation for evaluating arthropod viability

et al. 2014

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Inspecting for live organisms is the main method used to verify efficacy of phytosanitary treatments. Evaluating whether small, immobile organisms such as eggs, pupae and scale insects are alive or dead usually involves either checking morphological criteria or rearing them to observe development. These methods can be inaccurate, impractical and time consuming; thus, better methods are needed. To evaluate the potential for developing enzyme-based viability assays, we used electrophoretic gels to evaluate postmortem degradation of ten enzymes in Musca domestica L. (Diptera: Muscidae), four in Bemisia flocculosa Gill and Holder (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae), and seven in Listronotus bonariensis (Kuschel) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae). Fresh insects displayed strong enzyme activity and distinct bands, but dead insects exhibited either no activity or weakened activity with reduced band resolution and increased migration of stained areas. Of ten enzymes investigated, seven showed clear indications of degradation just 1 day postmortem. Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of enzymes can be used to evaluate organism viability and has potential for estimating postmortem intervals. We also measured postmortem degradation rates of five M. domestica enzymes by assaying them in solution; these showed constant or gradually declining activity for 28 days postmortem, so live and dead specimens were less easily distinguished. By assaying enzymes in solution, it is possible to develop quick, easily operated tests that can be used outside the laboratory for a variety of quarantine-related purposes.

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Proof of concept for a biochemical test that differentiates between heattreated and nonheattreated food products

Cited by 3 publications

References 12 publications

Methyl bromide fumigation and delayed mortality: safe trade of live pests?

Methyl bromide fumigation and delayed mortality: safe trade of live pests?

Towards a test to verify that wood has been heattreated to the ISPM15 standard

Potential to exploit postmortem enzyme degradation for evaluating arthropod viability

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