“…This algorithm applies stochastic intersection and union operators along possible change propagation paths to calculate path likelihoods and impacts while excluding self-dependencies and cyclic paths. Cohen, Navathe, and Fulton (2000), Ariyo et al (2007), Kocar and Akgunduz (2010) Goel and Stroulia (1996), Ollinger and Stahovich (2004), Ahmad, Wynn, and Clarkson (2013) 8 Consistency The model-building approach supports consistency checks, ensuring that the model is internally consistent and consistent with other models Xue, Yang, and Tu (2006), Do, Choi, and Song (2008), Kocar and Akgunduz (2010) 9 Adaptability A model of an existing product can be adapted to analyse a new product, i.e. existing models can be re-used easily Goel and Stroulia (1996), Ma, Chen, and Thimm (2008), Ahmad, Wynn, and Clarkson (2013) 10 Benefit-to-cost ratio of model building Habhouba, Cherkaoui, andDesrochers (2011), Wasmer, Staub, andVroom (2011) to a target is defined by the sum of all risks imposed from penultimate components (other than the initiator) to the target.…”