Properties and Aggregate Structure of Unsaturated Polyester/Phenolic Resin Blends

Chiu, Hsien‐Tang; Cheng, Jui-O

doi:10.1080/03602550701277857

Cited by 11 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 7 publications

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“…In the literature, there are a few studies reporting the development of UP/phenolic blends. [25][26][27] Due to the novel nature of the blended resin system, there has been no published work on the cure and strain monitoring of these resins during composite manufacturing. In this study, FBGs were found to be the most suitable method for the cure and strain monitoring of glass fibre-reinforced UP/phenolic composites because of the following advantages of FBGs: (i) long time survivability at high temperatures, (ii) capability of measuring both strain and temperature, (iii) simplicity in the data acquisition, (iv) adaptability to the VI process and (v) flexibility in designing the sensors and selection of the fibre optic length that provided enough distance from the interrogator to the oven in the experiments.…”

Section: Motivationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cure and strain monitoring of novel unsaturated polyester/phenolic resin blends in the vacuum infusion process using fibre Bragg gratings

Aktas

Boyd

Shenoi

2015

Journal of Composite Materials

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In recent years, a few research studies have been published on the blending of unsaturated polyester and phenolic resins for the purpose of improving the fire properties of unsaturated polyester resins. However, there has been no published study on the cure and strain monitoring of unsaturated polyester/phenolic blends during composite manufacturing. In this study, non-crimp triaxial glass fabric preforms were infused with the unsaturated polyester/phenolic blends, and the strain developments inside the composites were monitored using fibre Bragg grating sensors, as the long and complex curing stages were progressing at different temperatures. Strain-free fibre Bragg grating sensors and also thermocouples were utilised for temperature monitoring and compensation in order to obtain true strain developments and residual strains. The results were associated with a study presenting the cure analyses of unsaturated polyester/phenolic blends. The unsaturated polyester and the phenolics were found to be incompatible and exhibited different curing mechanisms in the blends, which were also observable in the strain development results. This paper has been the first attempt to (i) process these novel resin systems in the vacuum infusion process and (ii) monitor the long, complex and high-temperature cure cycles and the strain developments in the vacuum infusion process using fibre Bragg gratings.

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Section: Motivationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cure and strain monitoring of novel unsaturated polyester/phenolic resin blends in the vacuum infusion process using fibre Bragg gratings

Aktas

Boyd

Shenoi

2015

Journal of Composite Materials

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“…Polymer blending is a well-established, convenient and inexpensive technique involving physical mixing of at least two polymers to accentuate or suppress specific properties of the individual polymers in the resultant blend [16]. For example, phenolic (PH) resin with excellent fire retardance, good heat resistance, low smoke and toxic gas evolution can be blended with UP resin to improve the poor fire resistance of UP [17][18][19][20]. While PH resins generally have excellent fire retardance, they are brittle and have poor mechanical properties [20].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…UP on the other hand has excellent mechanical properties. Hence, the resultant UP/PH blends are expected to have optimal fire and mechanical properties [17][18][19][20]. Blending of resins by physical means such as mechanical stirring with a high shear force will lead to the formation of either interpenetrating networks (IPNs) or hybrid polymer networks (HPNs) without any chemically active covalent bonds [21,22].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Effects of Some Phosphorus-Containing Fire Retardants on the Properties of Glass Fibre-Reinforced Composite Laminates Made from Blends of Unsaturated Polyester and Phenolic Resins

2021

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This study investigated the effects of phosphorus fire retardants (FRs) in matrices from co-cured blends of an unsaturated polyester (UP) with inherently fire-retardant phenolic resoles (PH) on the mechanical and flammability properties of resultant glass fibre-reinforced composites. Three different phenolic resoles with UP have been used: (i) an ethanol soluble (PH-S), (ii) an epoxy-functionalised (PH-Ep), and (iii) an allyl-functionalised resin (PH-Al) with two different phosphorus FRs: resorcinol bis (diphenyl phosphate) (RDP) and 9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide (DOPO). The flammabilities of the resultant composites were evaluated using cone calorimetry and the UL-94 test. Cone calorimetric results showed reductions in peak heat release rate (PHRR) and total heat released (THR) as expected compared to those of UP and respective UP/PH composite laminates without FRs. UL-94 tests results showed that while all composites had HB rating, FR containing samples self-extinguished after removal of the flame. The mechanical properties of the composites were evaluated using flexural, tensile and impact tests. All FRs reduced the mechanical properties, and the reduction in mechanical properties was more severe in UP/PH-S (least compatible blends) composites with FRs than in UP/PH-Al (most compatible blends) composites with FRs. Amongst the different composites, those from UP/PH-Al with DOPO showed the best fire retardancy with little deterioration of mechanical performance.

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Controlled curing of resole phenol formaldehyde/unsaturated polyester blends and applying for steel–steel adhesive

Badr

Darwish

El‐Rahman

et al. 2022

J of Applied Polymer Sci

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Polymer blending technique is a promising solution for solving some critical industrial problems by gaining new desired properties for the newly formed materials. Blending various ratios of resole phenol formaldehyde (RPF)/unsaturated polyester (USPE), 10, 20, 30, to 90 wt %, were processed to optimize the mixing conditions by controlling time, temperature, and ratio of blending. In addition, the curing conditions of touch dry, full curing, shelf life, hardness and the steel–steel adhesive were investigated. The blend ratio RPF/USPE (70:30) was selected as an optimized sample at 150°C for 50 min. It was characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, dynamic mechanical analysis, scanning electron microscopy, X‐ray diffraction, thermogravimetric analysis, and differential scanning calorimeter. The curing process and the interactions between RPF and USPE were studied. Durability with artificial weather aging was evaluated visually and by measuring hardness which confirmed the prepared material is fit for outdoor uses. This work introduces a strategy to control the curing process, enhance the shelf life and adhesion properties for steel–steel adhesives based on RPF/USPE blends.

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Properties and Aggregate Structure of Unsaturated Polyester/Phenolic Resin Blends

Cited by 11 publications

References 7 publications

Cure and strain monitoring of novel unsaturated polyester/phenolic resin blends in the vacuum infusion process using fibre Bragg gratings

Cure and strain monitoring of novel unsaturated polyester/phenolic resin blends in the vacuum infusion process using fibre Bragg gratings

The Effects of Some Phosphorus-Containing Fire Retardants on the Properties of Glass Fibre-Reinforced Composite Laminates Made from Blends of Unsaturated Polyester and Phenolic Resins

Controlled curing of resole phenol formaldehyde/unsaturated polyester blends and applying for steel–steel adhesive

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