Properties and use of botulinum toxin and other microbial neurotoxins in medicine.

Schantz, Edward J.; Johnson, Eric A.

doi:10.1128/mmbr.56.1.80-99.1992

Cited by 280 publications

(120 citation statements)

References 132 publications

(203 reference statements)

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“…3 In 1944, Edward Schantz cultured Clostridium botulinum, isolated the toxin, and developed bulk purification scheme for BoNT. 4 In 1949, Arnold Burgen discovered that BoNT blocks neuromuscular transmission by inhibiting release of acetylcholine. In 1973, Allan Scott first published the results of his experiments in monkeys showing that BoNT may be used as an alternative to strabismus surgery.…”

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confidence: 99%

Botulinum toxin: State of the art

2017

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Botulinun neurotoxin (BoNT) has emerged as one of the most multipurpose therapeutic agents in modern medicine with more clinical applications than any other drug currently on the market. Initially developed in the treatment of strabismus and neurologic movement disorders, the use of botulinun neurotoxin has been expanding during the past 3 decades to include the treatment of a variety of ophthalmologic, gastrointestinal, urologic, orthopedic, dermatologic, dental, secretory, painful, cosmetic, and other conditions. In addition to onabotulinumtoxinA (Botox), abobotulinumtoxinA (Dysport), incobotulinumtoxinA (Xeomin), and RimabotulinumtoxinB (Myobloc or NeuroBloc) there are other novel botulinun neurotoxin products currently in development. With a better understanding of the cellular mechanisms of botulinun neurotoxin and advances in biotechnology, future botulinun neurotoxin products will likely be even more effective and customized to the specific indication and tailored to the needs of the patients. © 2017 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society.

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Botulinum toxin: State of the art

2017

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“…Botulinum toxin is also used for a variety of prevalent conditions that include migraine headache, chronic low back pain, stroke, traumatic brain injury, cerebral palsy, achalasia, and various dystonias. 42 A further example includes zearalenone, which belongs to a group of mycotoxin classified as non-steroidal oestrogen or myco-oestrogen. It has been used to treat postmenopausal symptoms in women, and its reduced form zearalenol Zaichenko et al [43] has shown increased oestrogenic activity and has been commercialised as an anabolic agent to promote growth in sheep and cattle.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Antifungal activity of trichothecenes from Fusarium sp. against clinical isolates of Paracoccidioides brasiliensis

Campos¹,

Johann²,

Cota³

et al. 2010

Mycoses

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Paracoccidioidomycosis (PCM), a human mycosis caused by the dimorphic fungus Paracoccidioides brasiliensis, is a serious public health problem in several countries of Latin America. In our search we found that the crude extract of the endophytic fungus UFMGCB 551 was able to inhibit several clinical strains of P. brasiliensis, and was also active in the bioautographic assay against Cladosporium sphaerospermum. The endophytic fungus UFMGCB 551 was isolated from the plant Piptadenia adiantoides J.F. Macbr (Fabaceae). The fungus was identified as Fusarium sp. based on its macro- and micro-morphology, and on the sequence of the internally transcribed spacer regions (ITS) of its rRNA gene. The chromatographic fractionation of the fungal extract was guided by the bioautographic assay to afford three known trichothecene mycotoxins: T2-toxin (1) and a mixture of 8-n-butyrylneosolaniol (2) and 8-isobutyrylsolaniol (3). The minimal inhibitory concentrations (MIC) of the these compounds against eleven clinical strains of P. brasiliensis were evaluated and found to be in the range between 75 and 640 nmol l(-1) for 1 and 160-640 nmol l(-1) for the mixture of 2 and 3.

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“…Seven serotypes of BoNT have been identified: A, B, C, D, E, F, and G. 1 All serotypes are translated as singlechain proteins that must be cleaved into di-chain structures consisting of a 100-kD heavy chain and 50-kD light chain to be active ( Figure 1). 7 C. botulinum strains vary in the degree to which they possess the proteolytic activity required to cleave the 150-kD neurotoxin into the active di-chain form.…”

Section: Biochemical and Molecular Characteristics Of Bontsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…3 In humans, the initial manifestation is most often blurred or double vision resulting from the toxin's action on cranial nerves. 1 This may be the only symptom experienced by those with mild botulism. 3 However, for those with more severe disease, peripheral autonomic and neuromuscular symptoms may follow, including dry mouth, dysphagia, muscle weakness, and eventually, breathing difficulties.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…3 However, for those with more severe disease, peripheral autonomic and neuromuscular symptoms may follow, including dry mouth, dysphagia, muscle weakness, and eventually, breathing difficulties. 1,3 Infant botulism was recognized in the United States only in 1976 and affects approximately 1.9 of 100,000 infants annually, 3 often following the ingestion of honey or honey-containing products. 3 Infant botulism occurs following the ingestion of spores that colonize in the intestine and produce toxin.…”

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confidence: 99%

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