To improve our understanding of the functional architecture of G protein-coupled receptors, we have taken advantage of differences among mammalian species in ligand binding to search for the rat versus human selectivity determinants of the V2 vasopressin receptor and of its peptide ligands. Our data indicate that residue 2 of species-selective peptide antagonists such as d(CH 2 ) 5 -[DIle 2 ,Ile 4 ,Tyr-NH 2 9 ]arginine vasopressin controls their rat versus human selectivity. For species-selective agonists such as desmopressin, residues 1 and 8 modulate the binding selectivity. Among residues different between rat and human V2 receptors, those localized in the upper part of the human V2 receptor have been substituted with their rat V2 homologs. Pharmacological analysis of mutant receptors revealed that residues 202 and 304 fully control the species selectivity of the discriminating antagonists in an independent and additive manner. A third residue (position 100) is necessary to observe an equivalent phenomenon for the discriminating agonists. The substitution of these three residues does not modify the affinity of the nonselective agonists and antagonists. In conclusion, extracellular loops and the top of the transmembrane domains of V2 vasopressin receptors may provide the molecular basis for peptide ligand-binding species selectivity. Very few residues in these regions may control the binding mode of both agonists and antagonists.
The arginine vasopressin (AVP)1 /oxytocin receptor family represents a suitable system to investigate structure-function relationships among G protein-coupled receptors. Indeed, all four receptor subtypes for these neurohypophyseal hormones, namely the V1a, V1b, and V2 AVP receptors and the unique oxytocin receptor, have been well characterized by pharmacological and molecular cloning studies (see Ref. 1 for review). These peptide receptors share a high primary sequence homology, but display a great diversity in their functional properties. Moreover, these receptors interact with many potent selective agonists and several classes of antagonist ligands, such as cyclic and linear peptides (2) as well as nonpeptides (3,4). By a combination of receptor three-dimensional molecular modeling and site-directed mutagenesis approaches, our preceding study has led to the mapping of the AVP agonist-binding domain in the V1a receptor subtype (5). The hormone-binding site is localized in a narrow cleft delimited by most of the transmembrane regions ϳ15 Å away from the extracellular surface. Because of the high conservation of residues involved in the interaction with the hormone, this binding site has been proposed to be common to the V1b, V2, and oxytocin receptors. An extracellular residue responsible for receptor subtype agonist selectivity has also been identified (6 -8).These first analyses did not provide much information on the definition of AVP/oxytocin receptor antagonist-binding domains. To date, only the upper part of transmembrane region VII and a hydrophobic cluster of aromatic residue...