“…Surface modification and functionalization are widely practiced on nanoparticles used for biomedical applications. Different types of modifiers have been used to modify nanoparticle surfaces for biomedical purposes, such as carboxylatefunctional compounds (Sahoo et al, 2005), phosphate-functional compounds (Portet et al, 2001;Mutin et al, 2003), silica (Johnson et al, 1996;Alcala and Real, 2006), gold (Lin et al, 2001), dextran (Lee et al, 2002), polyethylene glycol (Kim et al, 2001;Paul et al, 2004), polyvinyl alcohol (Nishio et al, 2004), alginate (Kroll et al, 1996), and chitosan .…”