Properties of Lead Dioxide Doped with Antimony

Abstract

The effects of antimony on the electrocrystallization and on the electrochemical behavior of α and β lead dioxide were investigated by scanning electron microscopy, x‐ray diffraction, and chemical analysis. Galvanostatic reduction tests in alkaline solutions were also performed. Antimony drastically modifies the crystal morphology of α lead dioxide and, up to a concentration of 0.2%, changes the O/Pb ratio by filling lattice vacancies. On β PbO2 , on the contrary, antimony does not seem to have any significant influence. The reduction tests on lead dioxide showed that the cathodic process occurs in a homogeneous system until the O/Pb ratio reaches a value depending on the dioxide allotropic form and on the antimony content. The O/Pb ratio of intermediate oxide increases from pure α PbO2 (1.33) to Sb‐doped β PbO2 (1.65).

Application of ionic liquids as an electrolyte additive on the electrochemical behavior of lead acid battery

“…According to the literatures [24,25] peaks H and O are assigned to reduction of hydrogen ions and oxidation of water that led to hydrogen and oxygen evolution, respectively. During the anodic potential sweep of the voltammogram, the current peak A 1 , corresponding to the formation of lead sulfate [26][27][28][29] was recorded and the oxidation current peak A 2 at a potential of about 0.00 V is related to the oxidation of antimony in electrode alloy [30]. In the cathodic potential sweep, five current peaks appeared, corresponding to the transitions of PbO 2 to PbSO 4 (C 5 ) [31][32][33], PbO to Pb (C 3 ) [34][35][36] and PbSO 4 to Pb (C 1 ,C 2 ) [25,[26][27][28][29].…”

Electrochemical performance of lead acid battery using ammonium hydrogen sulphate with different alkyl groups

“…In the cathodic potential sweep, five current peaks appear, corresponding to the transitions of PbO 2 to PbSO 4 (C 5 ). The small reduction of the current peak at a potential of about −0.25 V is related to the reduction of antimony (C 4 ), and the other peaks correspond to the reduction of PbO to Pb (C 3 ) and PbSO 4 to Pb (C 1 , C 2 ) [7,[20][21][22][23][24].…”

“…In the anodic potential sweep of the voltammogram, peak A 1 corresponds to the formation of lead sulphate [21][22][23][24], and peak A 2 at the potential of about 0.00 V is related to the oxidation of antimony [25]. In the cathodic potential sweep, five current peaks appear, corresponding to the transitions of PbO 2 to PbSO 4 (C 5 ).…”

Fabrication and characterization of a novel PbO2 electrode with a CNT interlayer

“…14 Among all electrodes, lead dioxide (PbO 2 ) is the most extensively used anode material for electrochemical oxidation of organic pollutants, [15][16][17] due to its good electrical conductivity, easy synthesis, corrosion-resistance in acidic media, high electro-catalytic activity, and low cost. [18][19][20] In order to further improve electrochemical activity and stability of PbO 2 electrode, some foreign ions, [21][22][23][24] metal oxides, [25][26][27] surfactants, 19 uorine resin, 28 chitosan 29 and polytetrauoroethylene (PTFE) 30 were added to the electro-deposition electrolyte in the literature, and it has been proved that the reasonable additives can effectively change the physicochemical properties of PbO 2 electrode.…”