Prophylactic effects of isometamidium- and ethidium-sustained release devices against Trypanosoma congolense in cattle

Trypanosoma (Duttonella) vivax: its biology, epidemiology, pathogenesis, and introduction in the New World - a review

“…Drugs regarded as effective in the treatment of T. vivax infection include diminazene diaceturate (Beronal®, Berenil®, and Ganaseg® (Whitelaw et al 1989, Katunguka-Rwakishaya et al 1997) and isometamidium chloride (Trypamidium® (Peregrine et al 1987, Desquesnes et al 1995, Geerts et al 1997). …”

Thermodynamic profiles of the DNA binding of benzophenanthridines sanguinarine and ethidium: A comparative study with sequence specific polynucleotides

“…Dental products containing sanguinarine is in use for the treatment of gingivitis and periodontitis [24][25][26][27][28]. Ethidium (figure 1b), on the other hand, has been a universal fluorescent probe and DNA staining agent developed as an anti-trypanosmal agent [29][30][31]. It is a frame shift mutagen [32] but has antiviral, antibacterial and anti cancer properties as well 0021-9614/$ -see front matter Ó 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.…”

Laboratory and Field Evaluation of Biodegradable Polyesters for Sustained Release of Isometamidium and Ethidium

“…Such are not expected, however, because the high concentrations of ISMM immediately after the i.m. injection , which are mainly responsible for the acute toxicity, are absent when SRDs are used (Geerts et al 1997).…”

“…Low concentrations of ISMM in serum could be detected up to 200 and even 330 days after the implantation of the poly(D,L-lactide)-SRD and the poly(caprolactoneco-L-lactide)-SRD respectively. Thereafter the drugs could no longer be detected, although the animals were still protected during several months against challenge with infected tsetse flies (Geerts et al 1997). A possible explanation for this phenomenon could be that -in spite of the undetectable serum levels -ISMM concentrations in the subcutaneous tissue and the skin, where the trypanosomes are inoculated by the tsetse flies, remained at levels which are high enough to kill trypanosomes over much longer periods.…”

“…Although the mouse test generally indicated some loss of sensitivity of the breakthrough isolates as compared to the original clone (IL 1180), no difference in sensitivity could be observed between breakthrough isolates derived from i.m. injected and those from SRD-treated animals (Geerts et al 1997).…”