Proportionality between SO2 emissions and wet SO42− concentrations: The effect of area of averaging

Hilst, Glenn R.

doi:10.1016/0960-1686(92)90126-6

Cited by 9 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 6 publications

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“…A variety of different comparison methods are used, including group averages similar to EPA, 753 various forms of regression, and mathematical filters. Several investigators 193,[949][950][951][952][953][954][955] explain and compare many of these approaches and note that the detection of small signals often depends on the statistical methods used, the spatial coverage of emissions and ambient concentrations, as well as the length of data records.…”

Section: -mentioning

confidence: 99%

Visibility: Science and Regulation

Watson

2002

Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association

937

548

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The 1999 Regional Haze Rule provides a context for this review of visibility, the science that describes it, and the use of that science in regulatory guidance. The scientific basis for the 1999 regulation is adequate. The deciview metric that tracks progress is an imperfect but objective measure of what people see near the prevailing visual range. The definition of natural visibility conditions is adequate for current planning, but it will need to be refined as visibility improves. Emissions from other countries will set achievable levels above those produced by natural sources. Some natural events, notably dust storms and wildfires, are episodic and cannot be represented by annual average background values or emission estimates. Sulfur dioxide (SO2) emission reductions correspond with lower sulfate (SO4(2-)) concentrations and visibility improvements in the regions where these have occurred. Non-road emissions have been growing more rapidly than emissions from other sources, which have remained stable or decreased since 1970. Simpler models representing transport, limiting precursor pollutants, and gas-to-particle equilibrium should be used to understand where and when emission reductions will be effective, rather than large complex models that have insufficient input and validation measurements. Examples of model-based source attribution show large differences among estimates from various modeling systems and with ambient measurements.

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Section: -mentioning

confidence: 99%

Visibility: Science and Regulation

Watson

2002

Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association

937

548

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“…Generally, the relationship between SO 2 emissions and sulfate concentrations is linear near minor SO 2 sources, but nonlinear near Published by Copernicus Publications on behalf of the European Geosciences Union. major SO 2 sources because of limited availability of oxidants (Hilst, 1992;Berglen et al, 2004). Due to rapid industrialization, anthropogenic SO 2 emissions from East Asia (EA), particularly China, have increased substantially in recent decades and between 1990 and 2030 are projected to increase by nearly another 50% (Klimont et al, 2001).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Source-receptor relationships between East Asian sulfur dioxide emissions and Northern Hemisphere sulfate concentrations

2008

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We analyze the effect of varying East Asian (EA) sulfur emissions on sulfate concentrations in the Northern Hemisphere, using a global coupled oxidant-aerosol model . We conduct a base and five sensitivity simulations, in which sulfur emissions from each continent are tagged, to establish the source-receptor (S-R) relationship between EA sulfur emissions and sulfate concentrations over source and downwind regions. We find that from west to east across the North Pacific, EA sulfate contributes approximately 80%-20% of sulfate at the surface, but at least 50% at 500 hPa. Surface sulfate concentrations are dominated by local anthropogenic sources. Of the sulfate produced from sources other than local anthropogenic emissions (defined here as "background" sulfate), EA sources account for approximately 30%-50% (over the Western US) and 10%-20% (over the Eastern US). The surface concentrations of sulfate from EA sources over the Western US are highest in MAM (up to 0.15 µg/m 3 ), and lowest in DJF (less than 0.06 µg/m 3 ). Reducing EA SO 2 emissions will significantly decrease the spatial extent of the EA sulfate influence (represented by the areas where at least 0.1 µg m −3 of sulfate originates from EA) over the North Pacific both at the surface and at 500 hPa in all seasons, but the extent of influence is insensitive to emission increases, particularly in DJF and JJA. We find that EA sulfate concentrations over most downwind regions respond nearly linearly to changes in EA SO 2 emissions, but sulfate concentrations over the EA source region increase more slowly than SO 2 emissions, particularly at the surface and in winter, due to limited availability of oxidants (in particular of H 2 O 2 , which oxidizes SO 2 to sulfate in the aqueous phase). We find that similar estimates of the S-R relationship for trans-Pacific transport of EA sulfate would Correspondence to: J. Liu (jliu@princeton.edu) be obtained using either sensitivity (i.e., varying emissions from a region to examine the effects on downwind concentrations) or tagging techniques. Our findings suggest that future changes in EA sulfur emissions may cause little change in the sulfate-induced health impact over downwind continents. However, SO 2 emission reductions may significantly reduce the sulfate concentrations and the resulting negative radiative forcing over the North Pacific and the United States, thus providing a warming tendency.

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“…However, the benefits of sulfur emission control partly depend on the linearity of the source-receptor (S-R) relationship between SO 2 emissions and sulfate concentrations (Oppenheimer et al, 1985;Dutkiewicz et al, 2000). Generally, the relationship between SO 2 emissions and sulfate concentrations is linear near minor SO 2 sources, but nonlinear near major SO 2 sources because of limited availability of oxidants (Hilst, 1992;Berglen et al, 2004).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Source-receptor relationships between East Asian sulfur dioxide emissions and Northern Hemisphere sulfate concentrations

Liu¹,

Mauzerall²,

Horowitz³

2008

Preprint

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Abstract. We analyze the effect of varying East Asian (EA) sulfur emissions on sulfate concentrations in the Northern Hemisphere, using a global coupled oxidant-aerosol model (MOZART-2). We conduct a base and five sensitivity simulations, in which sulfur emissions from each continent are tagged, to establish the source-receptor (S-R) relationship between EA sulfur emissions and sulfate concentrations over source and downwind regions. We find that from west to east across the North Pacific, EA sulfate contributes approximately 80%–20% of sulfate at the surface, but at least 50% at 500 hPa. In addition, EA SO2 emissions account for approximately 30%–50% and 10%–20% of North American background sulfate over the western and eastern US, respectively. The contribution of EA sulfate to the western US at the surface is highest in MAM and JJA, but is lowest in DJF. Reducing EA SO2 emissions will significantly decrease the spatial extent of the EA sulfate influence over the North Pacific both at the surface and at 500 mb in all seasons, but the extent of influence is insensitive to emission increases, particularly in DJF and JJA. We find that EA sulfate concentrations over most downwind regions respond nearly linearly to changes in EA SO2 emissions, but sulfate concentrations over the EA source region increase more slowly than SO2 emissions, particularly at the surface and in winter, due to limited availability of oxidants (mostly H2O2). We find that similar estimates of the S-R relationship for trans-Pacific transport of EA sulfate would be obtained using either sensitivity or tagging techniques. Our findings suggest that future changes in EA sulfur emissions may cause little change in the sulfate induced health impact over downwind continents but SO2 emission reductions may significantly reduce the sulfate related climate cooling over the North Pacific and the United States.

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Proportionality between SO2 emissions and wet SO42− concentrations: The effect of area of averaging

Cited by 9 publications

References 6 publications

Visibility: Science and Regulation

Visibility: Science and Regulation

Source-receptor relationships between East Asian sulfur dioxide emissions and Northern Hemisphere sulfate concentrations

Source-receptor relationships between East Asian sulfur dioxide emissions and Northern Hemisphere sulfate concentrations

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