Proposal of a comprehensive definition of modified and other forms of mycotoxins including “masked” mycotoxins

Rychlik, Michael; Humpf, Hans‐Ulrich; Marko, Doris; Dänicke, Sven; Mally, Angela; Berthiller, Franz; Klaffke, H.; Lorenz, Nicole

doi:10.1007/s12550-014-0203-5

Cited by 282 publications

(221 citation statements)

References 59 publications

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“…Metabolisation of mycotoxins in planta yields so called 'masked' mycotoxins, which are not routinely analyzed, but remain hazardous since endogenous hydrolases may cleave the compound and reactivate the toxin (Rychlik et al 2014). Several conjugated forms of DON such as DON-3-glucoside (Poppenberger et al 2003) and DON sulfates (Warth et al 2015), but also of zearalenone and fumonisins have been identified to date (De Saeger and Van Egmond 2012;Berthiller et al 2013).…”

Section: The Masked Mycotoxin Problemmentioning

confidence: 99%

Breeding strategies and advances in line selection for Fusarium head blight resistance in wheat

Steiner

Buerstmayr

Michel

et al. 2017

Trop. plant pathol.

152

155

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Fusarium head blight (FHB) is a fungal disease of worldwide importance to small grain cereals that may lead to severe losses in both yield and quality. The development of resistant varieties is the most effective approach for managing the disease. Genetic variation for FHB resistance is large, including 'exotic' and 'native' wheat germplasm. Methods for selecting improved lines include: 1) phenotypic selection with direct symptom evaluation; 2) marker-assisted selection for well-characterized QTL and 3) genomic selection employing genome-wide prediction models. Breeding programs need to find the optimal deployment of the complementary approaches according to their available facilities, resources and requirements. This review aims to summarize recent advances in FHB resistance breeding, thereby discussing the importance of morphological traits like the extent of retained anthers after flowering, its suitability for indirect selection and the pronounced association of the semi-dwarfing allele Rht-D1b with increased anther retention and FHB severity. Markerassisted selection is successfully applied to select for largeeffect QTL, especially for the most prominent resistance QTL Fhb1 in bread wheat, as well as in durum wheat as recently demonstrated. The resistance locus Fhb1 has been partly elucidated, a pore-forming toxin-like gene confers resistance against fungal spread. Genomic selection for FHB resistance appears promising especially for breeding programs deploying 'native' resistance sources with many small-effect QTL.

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Section: The Masked Mycotoxin Problemmentioning

confidence: 99%

Breeding strategies and advances in line selection for Fusarium head blight resistance in wheat

Steiner

Buerstmayr

Michel

et al. 2017

Trop. plant pathol.

152

155

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“…After more than a decade, soluble and insoluble conjugates of mycotoxins that can be formed upon chemical or biochemical reaction fall under the umbrella of this definition. A tentative comprehensive classification is reported in Figure 5, mainly based on the mechanism of masking (modified from Rychlik et al, 2014). Compounds deriving from chemical reactions occurring upon processing, as described in Section 8.4, are also reported in the figure. EFSA Journal 2014;12(12):3916 26 Modified mycotoxins are mainly produced by plants via enzymatic transformations related to detoxification processes (phase II metabolites) and have been related to a resistance mechanism exerted by plants to counteract pathogen invasion Berthiller et al, 2007Berthiller et al, , 2013.…”

Section: Natural Occurrence and Environmental Fatementioning

confidence: 99%

Scientific Opinion on the risks for human and animal health related to the presence of modified forms of certain mycotoxins in food and feed

Publication¹

2014

EFS2

125

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Following a request from the European Commission, the risks to human and animal health related to modified forms of the Fusarium toxins zearalenone, nivalenol, T‐2 and HT‐2 toxins and fumonisins were evaluated. Modified (often called “masked”) mycotoxins are metabolites of the parent mycotoxin formed in the plant or fungus, e.g. by conjugation with polar compounds. Fumonisins, which are difficult to extract from the plant matrix, are also termed modified mycotoxins. The CONTAM Panel considered it appropriate to assess human exposure to modified forms of the various toxins in addition to the parent compounds, because many modified forms are hydrolysed into the parent compounds or released from the matrix during digestion. For modified forms of zearalenone, nivalenol, T‐2 and HT‐2 toxins and fumonisins, 100 %, 30 %, 10 % and 60 % were added, respectively based on reports on the relative contribution of modified forms. The same factors were used for animal exposure from feed. In the absence of specific toxicity data, toxicity equal to the parent compounds was assumed for modified mycotoxins. Risk characterization was done by comparing exposure scenarios with reference doses of the parent compounds. In humans, all lower bound (LB) and upper bound (UB) mean and 95th percentile exposures to the sum of modified and parent toxins were below the respective provisional maximum tolerable daily intakes (PMTDIs) and tolerable daily intakes (TDIs), with two exceptions: for zearalenone and modified zearalenone the UB 95th percentile exposure was up to 2.2‐fold the TDI. For fumonisins and modified fumonisins the exposure of toddlers and other children exceeded the PMTDI at both the LB and the UB estimates, which could be of concern. For farm animal species and pets the exposure to the sum of modified and parent toxins was in general not of concern. The risk in fish could not be addressed. The CONTAM Panel identified several uncertainties and data gaps for modified mycotoxins.

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“…They can chemically modify mycotoxins or compartmentalize them to a less toxic form [58]. For example, deoxynivalenol-3-glucoside (D3G) is a product of a detoxifying plant mechanism, where DON is subjected to glycosylation via a different conjugation reaction [58,59]. The plant modification system has been thoroughly described in a review by Berthiller et al [58].…”

Section: Fungal Toxins In Malting and Brewingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Malting and Brewing Industries Encounter Fusarium spp. Related Problems

et al. 2018

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Versatile microbiota are inevitably naturally present on cereals. Fungi, yeasts and bacteria and their metabolites all contribute to the quality and safety of the final products derived from most common beer cereals-barley and wheat. The microorganisms that are most often associated with the safety and quality of cereals for beer production belong to the Fusarium spp. They greatly influence yields from the field, and can modify and diminish economic success for farmers. However, the real problem is their harmful metabolites-mycotoxins-that affect the health of humans and animals. In the era of emerging analytical methodologies, the spectrum of known toxins originating from microorganisms that can pose a threat to humans has grown tremendously. Therefore, it is necessary to monitor microflora throughout the productive "barley to beer" chain and to act suppressive on the proliferation of unwanted microorganisms, before and during malting, preventing the occurrence of mycotoxins in final products and by-products. Multi-mycotoxin analyses are very advanced and useful tools for the assessment of product safety, and legislation should follow up and make some important changes to regulate as yet unregulated, but highly occurring, microbial toxins in malt and beer.

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Proposal of a comprehensive definition of modified and other forms of mycotoxins including “masked” mycotoxins

Cited by 282 publications

References 59 publications

Breeding strategies and advances in line selection for Fusarium head blight resistance in wheat

Breeding strategies and advances in line selection for Fusarium head blight resistance in wheat

Scientific Opinion on the risks for human and animal health related to the presence of modified forms of certain mycotoxins in food and feed

Malting and Brewing Industries Encounter Fusarium spp. Related Problems

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