Prospective Memory in Context

Smith, Rebekah E.

doi:10.1016/bs.plm.2016.11.003

Cited by 12 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 40 publications

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“…In the context of PM such trigger failures would correspond to trials in which either the intent to detect PM targets is not maintained (goal neglect; Duncan, Emslie, Williams, Johnson, & Freer, 1996) and thus there is a subsequent complete lack of the recognition of any of the PM features contained in the stimulus, and as a consequence the PM decision process never enters the race. Ideally, to identify such failures of the PM accumulator to run, an experiment would include a manipulation that targets PM trigger failures (e.g., introducing an unfamiliar ongoing task context not associated with the PM cue and associated PM response; Smith, 2017). We recommend future PM work pursues paradigms along these lines that, in apparent contrast to the paradigms considered here, require the PMDC model to include failures of the PM accumulator to run.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Racing to remember: A theory of decision control in event-based prospective memory.

Strickland

Loft²,

Remington³

et al. 2018

Psychological Review

180

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Event-based prospective memory (PM) requires remembering to perform intended deferred actions when particular stimuli or events are encountered in the future. We propose a detailed process theory within Braver's (2012) proactive and reactive framework of the way control is maintained over the competing demands of prospective memory decisions and decisions associated with ongoing task activities. The theory is instantiated in a quantitative "Prospective Memory Decision Control" (PMDC) architecture, which uses linear ballistic evidence accumulation (Brown & Heathcote, 2008) to model both PM and ongoing decision processes. Prospective control is exerted via decision thresholds, as in Heathcote, Loft, and Remington's (2015) "Delay Theory" of the impact of PM demands on ongoing-task decisions. However, PMDC goes beyond Delay Theory by simultaneously accounting for both PM task decisions and ongoing task decisions. We use Bayesian estimation to apply PMDC to experiments manipulating PM target focality (i.e., the extent to which the ongoing task directs attention to the features of PM targets processed at encoding) and the relative importance of the PM task. As well as confirming Delay Theory's proactive control of ongoing task thresholds, the comprehensive account provided by PMDC allowed us to detect both proactive control of the PM accumulator threshold and reactive control of the relative rates of the PM and ongoing-task evidence accumulation processes. We discuss potential extensions of PMDC to account for other factors that may be prevalent in real-world PM, such as failures of memory retrieval. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2018 APA, all rights reserved).

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Racing to remember: A theory of decision control in event-based prospective memory.

Strickland

Loft²,

Remington³

et al. 2018

Psychological Review

180

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“…Given the attentional demands of monitoring, a cognitive system that supports flexible allocation of attentional resources to support prospective remembering in a context-specific manner (i.e., strategic monitoring ) is clearly advantageous, as deployment of costly resources can be reduced when in contexts in which targets are not expected to appear. Previous studies have demonstrated that younger adults are able to strategically monitor as evidenced by the increase in monitoring in contexts in which targets are expected (e.g., near medical complex) and the relaxation of monitoring in contexts in which targets are not expected (e.g., near home; see Smith, 2017 for a review). However, with one notable exception (see Kominsky & Reese-Melancon, 2017), there has been no research examining older adults’ ability to strategically monitor.…”

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confidence: 99%

Aging and the strategic use of context to control prospective memory monitoring.

Ball

Bugg

2018

Psychology and Aging

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Monitoring the environment for the occurrence of prospective memory (PM) targets is a resource-demanding process that produces cost to ongoing activities. The current study investigated younger and older adults' ability to monitor strategically, which involves the heightening and relaxation of monitoring when it is contextually appropriate thereby affording conservation of limited-capacity attentional resources. Participants performed a lexical-decision task in which words or nonwords were presented in upper or lower locations of the screen. The specific condition was correctly informed that PM targets ("tor" syllable) would occur only in word trials (simple cue; Experiment 1), in word trials in the upper location (complex cue; Experiments 2 and 3A), or in red trials in the upper location (complex cue; Experiment 3B), whereas the nonspecific condition was told that targets could appear in any context. The results showed that older adults generally exhibited similar monitoring patterns as younger adults. When context varied randomly on each trial, younger and older adults in the specific condition utilized simple (Experiment 1) but not complex (Experiment 2) contextual cues to reduce monitoring in unexpected contexts relative to the nonspecific condition. Notably, younger but not older adults were able to use the location dimension of the complex cue to reduce monitoring in unexpected (lower) contexts. When context varied more predictably (i.e., changed every eight trials), both younger and older adults were able to monitor strategically in response to the complex contextual cue (Experiments 3A and 3B). Together these findings suggest that context-sensitive PM monitoring processes generally remain intact with increased age. (PsycINFO Database Record

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“…Theoretically speaking, these findings suggest the need to broaden current theories of prospective remembering (e.g., Anderson et al, 2017; Scullin et al, 2018; Shelton & Scullin, 2017; Smith, 2003, 2017), including intention framing as an important factor related to intention representations and intention-setting strategies, at least for what concerns time-based PM tasks with multiple intentions. Interestingly, there is some evidence coming from studies in event-based PM which seems to indicate, in a converging manner, that instance-like representations may be associated with lower cognitive load and better PM performance than more general forms of representation (see, e.g., Scullin et al, 2018).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 87%

“…PM studies have produced very valuable insights into the processes underpinning both time-based tasks and event-based tasks (e.g., Einstein et al, 2005; Kliegel et al, 2007; McDaniel & Einstein, 2000). The Preparatory Attentional and Memory Processes theory (PAM; Smith, 2003, 2017) underlined the role of cognitively effortful monitoring in PM tasks (e.g., Smith, 2003), in the context of an interaction between preparatory attentional processes and retrospective memory processes. According to the multiprocess (MP) framework (Anderson et al, 2017; Scullin et al, 2018; Shelton & Scullin, 2017), PM performance may involve both cognitively effortful monitoring processes and more reactive and automatic ones, depending on the features of the task and the availability of contextual hints (Einstein & McDaniel, 2005; Scullin et al, 2013).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Intention framing in time-based prospective memory.

Missier¹,

Stragà²,

Visentini³

et al. 2021

Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cogni

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Research on prospective memory has paid no attention to the way in which the intentions to be remembered are framed. In two studies on time-based prospective memory, participants had to remember multiple delayed intentions framed as time rules (i.e., respond every 7 min, every 10 min) or as a series of corresponding instances (i.e., respond at Times 7, 10, 14, 20, 21, 28, 30, etc.). We appraised the effects of intention framing on intention learning, intention representation, strategies used to set the upcoming intention, cognitive load (monitoring cost), and prospective memory performance. Study 1 involved three time rules and corresponding instances. The results showed that time rules are learned faster than corresponding instances and that intention frames shaped the way intentions were mentally represented. Furthermore, the rule frame was associated with a more cognitively demanding incremental planning strategy to establish the upcoming intention, whereas the instance frame promoted the serial recall of intentions. Study 2 replicated the results on representations and strategies with four time rules and corresponding sets of instances, and it showed better prospective memory performance following the instance frame than rule frame. Together, these studies show that two alternative ways of framing multiple delayed intentions in the same prospective memory task induce significant differences in the way intentions are represented, in the cognitive strategies used to set the upcoming intention, and in performance. Theoretical and applied implications of the results for the prospective memory field are discussed.

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Prospective Memory in Context

Cited by 12 publications

References 40 publications

Racing to remember: A theory of decision control in event-based prospective memory.

Racing to remember: A theory of decision control in event-based prospective memory.

Aging and the strategic use of context to control prospective memory monitoring.

Intention framing in time-based prospective memory.

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