Prospective study of self-reported usual snacking and weight gain in a Mediterranean cohort: The SUN project

Bes–Rastrollo, Maira; Sánchez‐Villegas, Almudena; Basterra-Gortari, Francisco Javier; Núñez‐Córdoba, Jorge M.; Toledo, Estefanía; Serrano-Martínez, Manuel

doi:10.1016/j.clnu.2009.08.017

Cited by 79 publications

(76 citation statements)

References 29 publications

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“…Snacking could contribute both to increased BMI and increased BP values. Prospective studies found a direct association between snacking and weight gain risk 24,46,47 . Moreover, high-sodium snacks are positively associated with the consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages that considerably increase the intake of carbohydrates and have been associated with children/adolescent obesity 48 .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Eating snacks between meals has become a very common habit in adolescents 23,24 . It is possible that snacking itself may not be harmful, but rather the quality of the snacks.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Snacking has become a popular habit among children and teenagers 23 even in countries in the Mediterranean area 24 as Italy: in fact in the last decade snack sales have gone up by 57% 25 .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Blood pressure and sodium intake from snacks in adolescents

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Eating snacks between meals has become a very common habit in adolescents 23,24 . It is possible that snacking itself may not be harmful, but rather the quality of the snacks.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Blood pressure and sodium intake from snacks in adolescents

et al. 2015

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“…While some of the published studies suggest that regardless of the macronutrient com- position of the snacks, eating between meals can lead to overeating and thus obesity [24,25], other data suggest no relationship or negative relationship between snacking and overweight [26].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 98%

The Prevalence and Correlates of Eating Between Meals in a Cross-Sectional Study of a Health Oriented Adult Population

Nădășan

Gabos

Tarcea

et al. 2016

Acta Medica Marisiensis

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Objectives: To assess the prevalence of snacking and to explore the relationship between snacking and several demographic, anthropometric, functional and biochemical factors. Methods: The study included 756 individuals over 18 years of age from Medias, Romania. Demographics and data about snacking were collected by trained volunteers. Height, weight, waist circumference, blood pressure were measured with standard equipment according to accepted procedures. Blood glucose and cholesterol were measured by experienced nurses using portable devices. Associations between variables were checked with the Pearson Chi-square test. Odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals were calculated to measure the association between binary variables. Results: About half of the subjects in the studied sample reported snacking less than 2 times / week, 34.5% between 3-4 times / week and 14.8% more than 4 times / week. Statistical analysis found that snacking was associated with gender (males being less likely to snack than females), ethnicity (non-Romanians being less likely to snack than Romanian ethnics), marital status of the subjects (not married people being less likely to snack than married people ), systolic blood pressure (people consuming more often snacks being less likely to have high systolic blood pressure values), and blood sugar level (people eating more frequently between meals being more likely to have higher blood glucose levels). Conclusions: Snacking was a widespread eating habit among the study participants and was significantly associated with gender, ethnicity, marital status, systolic blood pressure and blood glucose levels.

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Snacking habits, speed of eating and their associations with body mass index

Young

Ratcliffe

2011

Proc. Nutr. Soc.

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Snacking and irregular meal patterns have been implicated in the development of overweight and obesity (1,2) . However, there is conflicting evidence such as that from NHANES that snacking reduces the risk of adolescents being overweight (3) . Eating quickly has also been implicated in the overconsumption of dietary energy, and associated with higher body mass index (BMI) (4) . Both meal pattern and speed of eating may be amenable to intervention to prevent obesity so it is important to clarify the effects of these on energy intake and BMI.The aims of this study were to explore the relationships between self-reported BMI and snacking habits and speed of eating in young adults. A questionnaire was distributed at two university premises for self-completion by subjects. Questions explored subjects' characteristics, aspects of meal habits including the meal time environment, eating patterns, the number of people present during a typical meal, reasons for snacking between meals, and speed of eating. The word 'snack' was not used in the questionnaire to avoid the ambiguities and lack of clarity in its use (5) . Drop boxes were used to preserve the anonymity of the respondents. The questionnaires that were returned (n 186) were coded and statistically analysed using SPSS Windows version 17. The respondents were 32 % (n 59) males and 68 % (n 127) females, 96 % (n 178) were students, and 88 % (n 164) were between 18-24 years of age. Analysis of self-reported data revealed that subjects had a mean weight of 68.3 (SD 14.6) kg, a mean height of 1.70 (SD 0.10) m, and a mean BMI of 23.4 (SD 4.2) kg/m 2 . A majority of 84 % (n 156) reported eating between meals and there was no significant effect of gender for this. However, this was inconsistent across the categories of BMI with 73 % of those in the ideal BMI range reporting this compared with 30 % of those who were overweight. Those who ate between meals were more likely to have a BMI in the normal range refuting the idea that people who snack are more likely to be overweight. There was a positive correlation between the number of days respondents had lunch and BMI (P = 0.034) perhaps indicating that missing this meal is used in weight control. There was no other association for meals and snacks at any other time of the day and BMI. There was no significant effect of meal time environment or meal pattern during a typical day on BMI.Males were faster eaters than females (P = 0.005). A positive correlation (P = 0.024) was found between self-reported speed of eating and BMI in these young adults and this is similar to the findings in middle-aged Japanese that fast eaters were more likely to be overweight (4) . In response to questions about factors affecting speed of eating, 80 % (n 149) indicated that they ate faster when hungry, 68 % (n 126) indicated that they ate faster when busy, and 70 % (n 130) that they ate slower in company.It should be noted that this study included a small sample population. The reliability and potential bias of using self-reporting of weight, height...

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Prospective study of self-reported usual snacking and weight gain in a Mediterranean cohort: The SUN project

Cited by 79 publications

References 29 publications

Blood pressure and sodium intake from snacks in adolescents

Blood pressure and sodium intake from snacks in adolescents

The Prevalence and Correlates of Eating Between Meals in a Cross-Sectional Study of a Health Oriented Adult Population

Snacking habits, speed of eating and their associations with body mass index

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