Prospects and Applications of Palladium Nanoparticles in the Cross‐coupling of (hetero)aryl Halides and Related Analogues

Abstract

Discovering efficient methods for the formation of carboncarbon bonds is a central ongoing theme in organic synthesis. Cross-coupling reactions catalysed by metal nanoparticles are attractive alternatives to the traditional use of metal counterparts due to the catalytic tunability, selectivity, recyclability and reusability of the nanoparticles. The ongoing search for sustainable processes demands that reusable and environmentally benign catalysts are used. While the advantages of nanoparticles catalysts over bulk catalysts cannot be over-emphasised, the problem of sintering, agglomeration and leaching are drawbacks to their full industrial applications. Hence, efforts are being made towards advancing the efficiency of the catalytic nanoparticle systems over the years. This review presents the progress, the challenges and the prospects of palladium nanoparticle with focus on Heck, Suzuki, Hiyama and Sonogashira cross-coupling reactions involving (hetero) aryl halides and the analogues.

Solvated electron-induced synthesis of cyclodextrin-coated Pd nanoparticles: mechanistic, catalytic, and anticancer studies

“…, Solution A turned black, which suggested the formation of Pd NPs. 1,2,10–13 It was further confirmed by the appearance of a shoulder peak at 280 nm in the UV-Vis absorption spectrum of the colloidal solution of the EB@Pd NPs (Pd NPs synthesized by EB), as shown in Fig. 2a.…”

“…These methods can be broadly categorized into physical, chemical and biogenic-based approaches. 1,2,5,[10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18] Physical approaches used to synthesize Pd and Pd-based nanomaterials include techniques such as sputtering, 1,18,19 ion or electron beam deposition, 1,18,20 and laser ablation, 1,21 while, chemical approaches employed by various researchers (for Pd nanomaterial synthesis) include mainly hydrothermal, 1,18,22 sonochemical, 1,18,23 electrochemical, 1,18,24 reverse micelle, 1,18 and other conventional wet chemical routes. 1,2,[4][5][6]18 Biogenic synthesis of nanomaterials including Pd has attracted the attention of many researchers owing to its eco-friendliness.…”

Binaphthyl-Stabilized Palladium Nanoparticle-Catalyzed Stereoselective Synthesis of 3-Arylidene-2-oxindoles via One-Pot Heck-like Carbocyclization/Nucleophilic Addition

“…Experimental evidence shows that no metal impurities were found in the final product. The reaction, albeit it needs a lower amount of catalyst (2 vs 5 mol %), afforded the desired product in maximum yield without any co-catalyst. , The important advantages of the Pd-BNP catalyst are easy recoverability, reusability, and lack of metal impurities in the final products.…”

“…Over the past few years, palladium nanoparticles have drawn the attention of synthetic organic chemists owing to their selectivity, higher reactivity, recoverability, reusability, and easy separation. 21 This prompted us to utilize the highly efficient and reusable binaphthyl stabilized palladium nanoparticle (Pd-BNP) catalyst to achieve the arylidene oxindoles and their pharmaceutically important analogues. Herein, we disclose a stereoselective one-pot synthesis of 3-arylidene-2-oxindoles derivatives using a reusable and recoverable Pd-BNP nanoparticle catalyst (Scheme 1).…”

Bimetallic Pd–Ag nanoclusters decorated micro-cellulose bio-template towards efficient catalytic Suzuki–Miyaura coupling reaction of nitrogen-rich heterocycles

“…24,25 Regarding catalytic applications, majority of the Pd-based nanostructures have been fully assessed for C-C coupling of conventional arylated substrates. 26 However, the methods failed to maintain their efficacy when more challenging nitrogen-based heterocycles are employed as one or both of the coupling partners. 27 Nitrogen-containing hetero-biaryl moieties are important targets and structural motifs in countless pharmaceuticals, drugs and biologically active molecules and key intermediates in varied industrial and biomedical processes.…”