Prospects and perspectives of virtual in-vitro toxicity studies on herbal extracts of Terminalia arjuna with enhanced stratagem in Artemia salina model: a panacea to explicit the credence of solvent system in brine shrimp lethality bioassay

Abstract

An in-vitro toxicity study was undertaken for the validation, laydown the standards, supplement some of the information on assessment and define the nature of toxicity of different solvent extracts of Terminalia arjuna considering Artemia salina model, as a case study. In the present study, experimental conditions such as yellow color light of 100 W at 5% salinity for 48 hours with pH 8.0-8.5 at 30 0C, picking up of nauplii with 3mL dropper cut at its tip, 24 hours incubation in same experimental conditions and visualization with 50X magnifying glass were modified unlike previous studies. Functional screening of solvent extracts with their mother solvents revealed that hex, Etac, Chlo, Acet, Etoh, and Meoh exhibited, the LC50 values as 118.50, 101.75, 93.36, 278.32, 528.78 and 477.67 ppm, respectively, designating them as; medium, medium, high, medium, low, medium toxic, while in their solvent extract forms the toxicity nature gets changed indicating the effectiveness of the extracts. Study, also defines the toxicity level for universal solvents such as DMSO and Dw as to be non-toxic as per the Meyers toxicity index and Clarkson’s toxicity criterion. Among solvent extracts of T. arjuna, all were found to be toxic as per Meyers toxicity index. However, with reference to Clarkson’s toxicity criterion, solvent extracts comprehended extended toxicity classes as low, medium and high toxic. The PCA 1 and 2 showed, 69.46% and 19.74% variations indicating strong correlation between the parameters. The results confirmed that LC50 of any solvent extract could be treated as relative LC50, which is the fraction of mother solvent and could be treated as absolute LC50, which is the actual potential of the solvent extracts that might be positive for less effective and negative for highly effective solvent extracts. For smoothening of experimental results, negative sign was ignored. Relative LC50, relative LC50%, absolute LC50, and absolute LC50% could find liner relation with their % fractions and inverse relation with their counterparts. Thus present study advocates the inclusion of relative LC50, relative LC50%, , absolute LC50, absolute LC50%, considerating 95% upper and lower fiducial class intervals and TI values while fixing the nature of toxicity and designating the safety aspect to the host. Also, the study recommends for the collective effort to make BSLA as an internationally accepted and robust standard by revisiting and supplementing the existing toxicity criterion for the BSLA.

Terminalia arjuna Bark Powder as a Potential Immunomodulator in Labeo rohita: Enhanced Hematological, Adaptive, and Humoral Responses against Bacterial Pathogens and Concordant Liver Histomorphology

“…These findings suggest sustained effects of TABP, indicating its potential to boost fish immune function. Conducted under controlled conditions with a large sample size, the study’s robustness lends credibility to its implications for diverse fish populations and potential application in aquaculture practices in vivo safe level determination by the same author in previous research [ 62 ]. TABP emerges as a compelling candidate for further exploration in enhancing fish health through natural immunomodulation.…”

Antibacterial Activities and Toxicity of Streptosporangium sp. SM1P

“…The extract with high toxicity class based on the BSLT result can be used to indicate that at least one compound in the extract has antitumour, cytotoxic and pesticide activities (Ullah et al, 2013). The standard toxicity of BSLT based on LC50 value is classified by Meyer, Tanamatayarat, and Clarkson (Meyer et al, 1982;Tanamatayarat, 2016;Meena et al, 2020). The Meyer's toxicity classes are the extracts with LC50 < 1000 μg/mL (toxic), and LC50 > 1000 μg/mL (nontoxic) (Meyer et al, 1982).…”

“…Tanamatayarat's toxicity level are highly toxic (LC50 < 10 mg/mL), moderately toxic (LC50: 10-100 mg/mL), weakly toxic (LC50: 100-1000 mg/mL), and inactive (LC50 > 1000 mg/mL) (Tanamatayarat, 2016). Clarkson's classification toxicity is as follows: LC50 above 1000 μg/mL (no toxic), LC50 500 -1000 μg/mL (low toxic), LC50 100 -500 μg/mL (medium toxic), and LC50 0 -100 μg/mL (highly toxic) (Meena et al, 2020). The data of this test were analyzed with probit analysis to get a probit model.…”

Bioassay With Artemia Salina L.: A Gateway to Understanding the Toxicity of Medicinal Plant Extracts

“…Among such alternatives, the assay with Artemia salina L., commonly known as brine shrimp, stands out. This bioassay is widely employed due to its substantial advantages (JAFARI et al, 2016;LIBRALATO et al, 2017;FREIRES et al, 2017;MEENA et al, 2020;KHABIB et al, 2022;ALBARANO et al, 2022).…”