Prospects for the Use of Antioxidant Therapies

Maxwell, Simon

doi:10.2165/00003495-199549030-00003

Cited by 552 publications

(334 citation statements)

References 113 publications

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“…Antioxidants are substances that even at low concentrations can delay or inhibit oxidation rates (Sies, 1993;Maxwell, 1995). The most widely used classification for these substances divides antioxidants into 2 systems: enzymatic, composed of enzymes produced in the body, and non-enzymatic, composed of vitamins, flavonoids, lycopene, bilirubin (Sies, 1993), and potentially glutamine.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Antigenotoxic and antimutagenic effects of glutamine supplementation on mice treated with cisplatin

Pesarini¹,

Sg²,

Ap³

et al. 2014

Genet. Mol. Res.

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ABSTRACT. We evaluated the effects of glutamine on clastogenic and genotoxic damage prevention caused by the administration of cisplatin. 4821©FUNPEC-RP www.funpecrp.com.br Genetics and Molecular Research 13 (3): 4820-4830 (2014) Glutamine prevents DNA damage Forty Swiss mice were divided into 8 experimental groups: G1 and G2, which were control groups; G3, G4, and G5, which were administered [2 doses of glutamine (orally)] separated by a 24-h period (150, 300, and 600 mg/kg, respectively), and a dose of phosphate-buffered saline by intraperitoneal injection; G6, G7, and G8, which were treated in the same manner as the previous groups, but received cisplatin rather than phosphate-buffered saline. The antimutagenicity groups showed damage reduction percentages of 79.05, 80.00, and 94.27% at the time point T1, 53.18, 67.05, and 64.74 at time point T2 for the 150, 300, and 600 mg/kg doses of glutamine, respectively. Antigenotoxic activity was evident for all 3 doses with damage reduction percentages of 115.05, 119.06, and 114.38 for the doses of glutamine of 150, 300, and 600 mg/ kg, respectively. These results suggest that further studies are needed to confirm the clastogenic activity of glutamine. However, our results may lead to rational strategies for supplementation of this antioxidant as an adjuvant in cancer treatment or for preventing genomic lesions.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Antigenotoxic and antimutagenic effects of glutamine supplementation on mice treated with cisplatin

Pesarini¹,

Sg²,

Ap³

et al. 2014

Genet. Mol. Res.

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“…Thus various therapies and strategies have been suggested [120][121][122][123][124][125][126][127] (Table 1). Simultaneously countless reports are there in literature for supplement of various antioxidants.…”

Section: Reactive Oxygen Species and Reactive Nitrogen Species Transimentioning

confidence: 99%

Reconvene and Reconnect the Antioxidant Hypothesis in Human Health and Disease

Singh

Chandra

Mahdi

et al. 2010

Indian J Clin Biochem

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The antioxidants are essential molecules in human system but are not miracle molecules. They are neither performance enhancers nor can prevent or cure diseases when taken in excess. Their supplemental value is debateable. In fact, many high quality clinical trials on antioxidant supplement have shown no effect or adverse outcomes ranging from morbidity to all cause mortality. Several Chochrane Meta-analysis and Markov Model techniques, which are presently best available statistical models to derive conclusive answers for comparing large number of trials, support these claims. Nevertheless none of these statistical techniques are flawless. Hence, more efforts are needed to develop perfect statistical model to analyze the pooled data and further double blind, placebo controlled interventional clinical trials, which are gold standard, should be implicitly conducted to get explicit answers. Superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase and catalase are termed as primary antioxidants as these scavenge superoxide anion and hydrogen peroxide. All these three enzymes are inducible enzymes, thereby inherently meaning that body increases or decreases their activity as per requirement. Hence there is no need to attempt to manipulate their activity nor have such efforts been clinically useful. SOD administration has been tried in some conditions especially in cancer and myocardial infarction but has largely failed, probably because SOD is a large molecule and can not cross cell membrane. The dietary antioxidants, including nutrient antioxidants are chain breaking antioxidants and in tandem with enzyme antioxidants temper the reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive nitrogen species (RNS) within physiological limits. Since body is able to regulate its own requirements of enzyme antioxidants, the diet must provide adequate quantity of non-enzymic antioxidants to meet the normal requirements and provide protection in exigent condition. So far, there is no evidence that human tissues ever experience the torrent of reactive species and that in chronic conditions with mildly enhanced generation of reactive species, the body can meet them squarely if antioxidants defense system in tissues is biochemically optimized. We are not yet certain about optimal levels of antioxidants in tissues. Two ways have been used to assess them: first by dietary intake and second by measuring plasma levels. Lately determination of plasma/serum level of antioxidants is considered better index for diagnostic and prognostic purposes. The recommended levels for vitamin A, E and C and beta carotene are 2.2-2.8 lmol/l; 27.5-30 lmol/l; 40-50 lmol/l and 0.4-0.5 lmol/l, respectively. The requirement and recommended blood levels of other dietary antioxidants are not established. The resolved issues are (1) essential to scavenge excess of radical species (2) participants in redox homeostasis (3) selective antioxidants activity against radical species (4) there is no universal antioxidant and 5) therapeutic value in case of deficiency. The overar...

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“…O principal grupo de agentes inibidores da carcinogênese é representado por antioxidantes e bloqueadores de radicais livres que são capazes, mesmo presentes em baixas concentrações, de atrasar ou inibir as taxas de oxidação (Maxwell, 1995;Sies, 1999). Estes compostos podem agir por meio da i) prevenção, que se caracteriza pela proteção contra formação das substâncias agresssoras; ii) interceptação de radicais livres, os quais uma vez formados iniciam suas atividades de danificação do DNA (Kong & Lillehei, 1998;Santos & Cruz, 2001); e iii) quando a prevenção e interceptação não foram efetivas e os subprodutos da atividade dos radicais livres estão sendo continuamente formados em baixas quantidades, podendo se acumular no organismo, há a necessidade dos mesmos serem encaminhados à excreção pelas enzimas de detoxificação e que ao mesmo tempo os antioxidantes modulem o sistema de reparo de DNA das células que estão sendo atacadas por meio de uma atividade bioantimutagênica.…”

Section: Discussionunclassified

Avaliação da mutagenicidade e antimutagenicidade de um biopolímero extraído do microorganismo Agrobacterium radiobacter em camundongos Swiss

Primo¹,

Calliari²,

Castro-Gómez³

et al. 2010

Rev. bras. farmacogn.

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RESUMO:A presente pesquisa avaliou a ação mutagênica e antimutagênica de um biopolímero de glucose extraído da Agrobacterium radiobacter (Biopolímero de Agrobacterium radiobacter). O experimento foi realizado com camundongos Swiss machos divididos em oito grupos. O tratamento com o biopolímero foi realizado por gavage em dose única concomitante a uma dose de solução tampão fosfato nos grupos de avaliação da mutagenicidade, ou ao agente indutor de danos no DNA, ciclofosfamida, na concentração de 50 mg/kg (peso corpóreo -p.c.), nos grupos de avaliação da antimutagenicidade. Utilizou-se o teste de micronúcleo em sangue periférico e a coleta de sangue foi realizada 24 e 48 h após a aplicação das substâncias-teste. A análise estatística demonstrou que o biopolímero não possui atividade mutagênica e que é efetivo em prevenir danos no DNA. As porcentagens de redução de danos nos grupos de antimutagenicidade foram de 83,9%, 89,1% e 103,1% em 24 h e 101,24%, 98,14% e 120,64% em 48 h para as doses de 75, 150 e 300mg/kg (p.c.), respectivamente. A alta porcentagem de redução de danos associada à ausência de efeitos mutagênicos indica, além da atividade quimioprotetora, a possibilidade do biopolímero ser um alimento funcional candidato à utilização como co-adjuvante na quimioterapia para prevenir efeitos colaterais.Unitermos: Curdlana, biopolímero, Agrobacterium radiobacter, β-glucana, antimutagenicidade, camundongos Swiss.ABSTRACT: "Assessment of mutagenicity and antimutagenicity of a biopolymer extracted from the microorganism Agrobacterium radiobacter in mice." This study evaluated the mutagenic and ant mutagenic action of a biopolymer of glucose extracted from Agrobacterium radiobacter (Biopolymer of Agrobacterium radiobacter). The experiment was conducted with Swiss male mice divided into eight groups. Treatment with the biopolymer was performed in a single dose by gavage at a dose of concomitant phosphate buffer groups in the evaluation of mutagenicity, or the agent of inducing DNA damage, cyclophosphamide, the concentration of 50 mg/kg (body weight --b.w.), in groups of assessment ant mutagenic. We used the micronucleus test in peripheral blood. The blood sample was held 24 and 48 h after application of the test substances. Statistical analysis showed that the biopolymer has no mutagenic activity and it is effective in preventing damage to DNA. The percentages of damage reduction in groups of ant mutagenic were 83.9%, 89.1% and 103.1% in 24 h and 101.24%, 98.14% and 120.64% at doses of 48 to 75, 150 and 300 mg/kg (b.w.) respectively. The high percentage of damage reduction associated with the absence of mutagenic effects indicates the possibility of biopolymer chemoprotection action. It can also be considered a functional food candidate to be used as co-adjuvant chemotherapy to prevent side effects.

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Prospects for the Use of Antioxidant Therapies

Cited by 552 publications

References 113 publications

Antigenotoxic and antimutagenic effects of glutamine supplementation on mice treated with cisplatin

Antigenotoxic and antimutagenic effects of glutamine supplementation on mice treated with cisplatin

Reconvene and Reconnect the Antioxidant Hypothesis in Human Health and Disease

Avaliação da mutagenicidade e antimutagenicidade de um biopolímero extraído do microorganismo Agrobacterium radiobacter em camundongos Swiss

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