Prospects of 2nd generation biodiesel as a sustainable fuel—Part: 1 selection of feedstocks, oil extraction techniques and conversion technologies

Bhuiya, M.M.K.; Rasul, M.G.; Khan, M.M.K.; Ashwath, Nanjappa; Azad, A.K.

doi:10.1016/j.rser.2015.04.163

Cited by 266 publications

(98 citation statements)

References 254 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Unclassified

Order By: Relevance

“…Based on the type of feedstocks, biodiesel is classified as first generation, second generation and third generation. First generation biodiesels are generally derived from edible food crops and vegetable oils [16,17] including rice, wheat, barley, potato wastes and sugar beets etc., and edible vegetable oils including soybean oil [18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30][31][32][33], sunflower oil [20,21,[27][28][29]31,34,35], corn oil [20,21,27], olive oil [31,36], palm oil [27,31,34,37], coconut oil [31], rapeseed oil [38], mustard oil [39,40]. Second generation biodiesels are produced from a wide array of feedstocks, ranging from lignocellulosic feedstocks to municipal solid waste and animal fat [16,41].…”

Section: World Distributionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…These non-edible feedstocks include wood and wood waste, animal fats [29,30], non-food crops [42], waste cooking oil [43,44] etc. and non-edible oils such as Jatropha curcas [34,[45][46][47][48][49][50], lesquerella oil, cotton seed [21,28,31,32,51], Pongamia glabra [34,52], beauty leaf [53,54], karanja [55], castor oil [32,51,[56][57][58][59][60][61], Salvadora oleoides and linseed oil [28], forestry residues, switchgrass [20], wood [20] and biomass sources [62][63][64][65]. Third generation biodiesels are produced from micro-algal biomass which has a very distinctive growth yield compared to classical lignocellulosic biomass [16,66].…”

Section: World Distributionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Biodiesel from Mandarin Seed Oil: A Surprising Source of Alternative Fuel

Azad

2017

Energies

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Mandarin (Citrus reticulata) is one of the most popular fruits in tropical and sub-tropical countries around the world. It contains about 22-34 seeds per fruit. This study investigated the potential of non-edible mandarin seed oil as an alternative fuel in Australia. The seeds were prepared after drying in the oven for 20 h to attain an optimum moisture content of around 13.22%. The crude oil was extracted from the crushed seed using 98% n-hexane solution. The biodiesel conversion reaction (transesterification) was designed according to the acid value (mg KOH/g) of the crude oil. The study also critically examined the effect of various reaction parameters (such as effect of methanol: oil molar ratio, % of catalyst concentration, etc.) on the biodiesel conversion yield. After successful conversion of the bio-oil into biodiesel, the physio-chemical fuel properties of the virgin biodiesel were measured according to relevant ASTM standards and compared with ultra-low sulphur diesel (ULSD) and standard biodiesel ASTM D6751. The fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs) were analysed by gas chromatography (GC) using the EN 14103 standard. The behaviour of the biodiesel (variation of density and kinematic viscosity) at various temperatures (10-40 • C) was obtained and compared with that of diesel fuel. Finally, mass and energy balances were conducted for both the oil extraction and biodiesel conversion processes to analyse the total process losses of the system. The study found 49.23 wt % oil yield from mandarin seed and 96.82% conversion efficiency for converting oil to biodiesel using the designated transesterification reaction. The GC test identified eleven FAMEs. The biodiesel mainly contains palmitic acid (C16:0) 26.80 vol %, stearic acid (C18:0) 4.93 vol %, oleic acid (C18:1) 21.43 vol % (including cis. and trans.), linoleic acid (C18:2) 4.07 vol %, and less than one percent each of other fatty acids. It is an important source of energy because it has a higher heating value of 41.446 MJ/kg which is close to ULSD (45.665 MJ/kg). In mass and energy balances, 49.23% mass was recovered as crude bio-oil and 84.48% energy was recovered as biodiesel from the total biomass.

show abstract

Section: World Distributionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: World Distributionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Biodiesel from Mandarin Seed Oil: A Surprising Source of Alternative Fuel

Azad

2017

Energies

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…With the decrease of petroleum reserves and the increase of environment protection consciousness, bio-diesel, as a renewable energy source, has been considered to be a significant alternative to petroleum based diesel fuel over recent years [119,120]. Bio-diesel produced through hydrolysis-esterification reactions has attracted great interest [121][122][123].…”

Section: Biomass Related Catalytic Reactionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Applications of Morphology Controlled ZnO in Catalysis

et al. 2016

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Zinc oxide (ZnO), with the unique chemical and physical properties of high chemical stability, broad radiation absorption range, high electrochemical coupling coefficient, and high photo-stability, is an attractive multifunctional material which has promoted great interest in many fields. What is more, its properties can be tuned by controllable synthesized morphologies. Therefore, after the success of the abundant morphology controllable synthesis, both the morphology-dependent ZnO properties and their related applications have been extensively investigated. This review concentrates on the properties of morphology-dependent ZnO and their applications in catalysis, mainly involved reactions on green energy and environmental issues, such as CO 2 hydrogenation to fuels, methanol steam reforming to generate H 2 , bio-diesel production, pollutant photo-degradation, etc. The impressive catalytic properties of ZnO are associated with morphology tuned specific microstructures, defects or abilities of electron transportation, etc. The main morphology-dependent promotion mechanisms are discussed and summarized.

show abstract

“…[30,31]. Second generation biodiesel is produced from non-edible feedstocks [32][33][34][35][36][37][38][39]. As food crops are not used to make second generation biodiesel, this type of fuel is more commonly used because it is a more efficient and viable option [40,41].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparative study of diesel engine performance and emission with soybean and waste oil biodiesel fuels

Azad¹,

Rasul²,

Giannangelo³

et al. 2015

Int. J. Automot. Mech. Eng.

Self Cite

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

The study investigated the engine performance and emission using biodiesel from soybean oil and waste cooking oil. The fuel properties of these biodiesels were determined using ASTM D6751and EN 14214 standards. The fuels were tested in a multi-cylinder diesel engine with an electromagnetic dynamometer and a 5-gas analyser was used for emission analysis. The result shows that the thermal performance of the engine slightly decreases with increase of the biodiesel blends ratio (i.e. B5, B10, B15, B20 and B50). On the other hand, emission decreases with the increase of biodiesel blends. The reduction in emissions was different for both biodiesels. Waste oil biodiesel showed better trends of emissions reduction with increase of the biodiesel percentage compared with soybean biodiesel. The brake specific fuel consumption (BSFC) of both biodiesels is (6.05%, 9.13%, 12.36% and 18.57% for soybean) and (8.17%, 11.40%, 17.71% and 14.96% for waste cooking oil) higher than diesel, respectively. However, soybean biodiesel consumed less fuel and produced more power and torque compared to waste oil biodiesel. The study concluded that B10 soybean biodiesel blend produced more consistent and expected results than waste oil biodiesel from the performance and emission point of view.

show abstract

Prospects of 2nd generation biodiesel as a sustainable fuel—Part: 1 selection of feedstocks, oil extraction techniques and conversion technologies

Cited by 266 publications

References 254 publications

Biodiesel from Mandarin Seed Oil: A Surprising Source of Alternative Fuel

Biodiesel from Mandarin Seed Oil: A Surprising Source of Alternative Fuel

The Applications of Morphology Controlled ZnO in Catalysis

Comparative study of diesel engine performance and emission with soybean and waste oil biodiesel fuels

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About