Prostate cancer as a first and second cancer: effect of family history

Zhang, H.; Bermejo, Justo Lorenzo; Sundquist, Jan; Hemminki, Kari

doi:10.1038/sj.bjc.6605263

Cited by 8 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 30 publications

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“…There is a large body of literature on second primary cancers which generally shows that the patients are at an increased risk of any cancer, including discordant cancer . The risks are known to interact with the family history for discordant cancer, which would be in line with the current findings . Although multiple primary cancers can have many etiologies the presentation of discordant cancers may in part be an expression of an overall cancer risk at the individual level, which may be enforced by a family history of cancer.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 66%

Concordant and discordant familial cancer: Familial risks, proportions and population impact

Christoph

Sundquist

et al. 2017

Intl Journal of Cancer

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Relatives of cancer patients are at an increased risk of the same (concordant) cancer but whether they are at a risk for different (discordant) cancers is largely unknown - beyond well characterized hereditary cancer syndromes - but would be of major scientific and clinical interest. We therefore decided to resolve the issue by analyzing familial risks when family members were diagnosed with any discordant cancers. We compared the population impact of concordant to discordant familial cancer. The Swedish Family-Cancer Database (FCD) was used to calculate familial relative risks (RRs) for family members of cancer patients, for the 27 most common cancers. Population attributable fractions (PAFs) were estimated for concordant and discordant family histories. Discordant cancers in the family were detected as significant risk factors for the majority of cancers, although the corresponding RRs were modest compared to RRs for concordant cancers. Risks increased with the number of affected family members with the highest RRs for pancreatic (2.31), lung (1.69), kidney (1.98), nervous system (1.79) and thyroid cancers (3.28), when 5 or more family members were diagnosed with discordant cancers. For most cancers, the PAF for discordant family history exceeded that for concordant family history. Our findings suggest that there is an unspecific genetic predisposition to cancer with clinical consequences. We consider it unlikely that shared environmental risk factors could essentially contribute to the risks for diverse discordant cancers, which are likely driven by genetic predisposition. The identification of genes that moderately increase the risk for many cancers will be a challenge.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 66%

Concordant and discordant familial cancer: Familial risks, proportions and population impact

Christoph

Sundquist

et al. 2017

Intl Journal of Cancer

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“…The cumulative incidence of second cancer was estimated with death treated as a competing risk. 24 Interaction contrast ratios (ICRs) and multiplicative interaction indexes (MIIs) were used to investigate the possible interaction between HL treatment and family history of cancer: 25 ICR = SIR cancerxfh − SIR cancer − SIR fh + 1 and MII = SIR cancerxfh /(SIR cancer × SIR fh ), where SIR cancer is the relative risk (RR) of cancer in HL survivors, SIR fh is the RR associated with having an affected FDR, and SIR cancerxfh is the RR of cancer in HL survivors having an affected FDR. MII > 1 signifies greater than multiplicative interaction, and ICR > 0 signifies a positive interaction or more than additivity.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Risk of Second Cancer in Hodgkin Lymphoma Survivors and Influence of Family History

Sud¹,

Thomsen

Sundquist

et al. 2017

JCO

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PurposeAlthough advances in Hodgkin lymphoma (HL) treatment have led to improved disease-free survival, this has been accompanied by an increased risk of second cancers. We sought to quantify the second cancer risks and to investigate the impact of family history.Patients and MethodsUsing the Swedish Family-Cancer Project Database, we identified 9,522 individuals with primary HL diagnosed between 1965 and 2012. We calculated standardized incidence ratios and cumulative incidence of second cancer in HL survivors and compared the standardized incidence ratios of lung, breast, colorectal, and all second cancers in HL survivors with and without a site-specific family history of cancer. Interactions between family history of cancer and HL treatment were evaluated under additive and multiplicative models.ResultsOverall, the risk of a second cancer in HL survivors was increased 2.39-fold (95% CI, 2.29 to 2.53). The 30-year cumulative incidence of breast cancer in women diagnosed with HL at younger than 35 years of age was 13.8%. We observed no significant difference in cancer risk over successive time periods. The risk of all second cancers was 1.3-fold higher for HL survivors with a first-degree relative with cancer (P < .001), with 3.3-fold, 2.1-fold, and 1.8-fold differences shown for lung, colorectal, and breast cancers, respectively. Moreover, a greater than additive interaction between family history of lung cancer and HL treatment was shown (P = .03).ConclusionHL survivorship is associated with a substantive risk of a second cancer. Notably, the risk is higher in individuals with a family history of cancer. This information should be used to inform risk-adapted therapy and to assist in screening to reduce long-term morbidity and mortality in patients with HL.

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“…When looking at specific cancer types, Davies et al reported that survivors of prostate cancer had a 40% lower risk of developing a SPC compared to the general male US population; the risk was lower for leukemias and cancers of the oral cavity, stomach, colon, liver, lung, and pancreas [108]. However, they observed a higher risk of developing bladder [109,110], renal, and endocrine cancers [111,112]; this seems to be influenced by pelvic radiation therapy for prostate cancer [108]. Moreover, diagnostic bias is thought to play a role due to anatomy.…”

Section: Prostate Cancermentioning

confidence: 99%

Is there a role for IGF‐1 in the development of second primary cancers?

et al. 2016

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Cancer survival rates are increasing, and as a result, more cancer survivors are exposed to the risk of developing a second primary cancer (SPC). It has been hypothesized that one of the underlying mechanisms for this risk could be mediated by variations in insulin‐like growth factor‐1 (IGF‐1). This review summarizes the current epidemiological evidence to identify whether IGF‐1 plays a role in the development of SPCs. IGF‐1 is known to promote cancer development by inhibiting apoptosis and stimulating cell proliferation. Epidemiological studies have reported a positive association between circulating IGF‐1 levels and various primary cancers, such as breast, colorectal, and prostate cancer. The role of IGF‐1 in increasing SPC risk has been explored less. Nonetheless, several experimental studies have observed a deregulation of the IGF‐1 pathway, which may explain the association between IGF‐1 and SPCs. Thus, measuring serum IGF‐1 may serve as a useful marker in assessing the risk of SPCs, and therefore, more translational experimental and epidemiological studies are needed to further disentangle the role of IGF‐1 in the development of specific SPCs.

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Prostate cancer as a first and second cancer: effect of family history

Cited by 8 publications

References 30 publications

Concordant and discordant familial cancer: Familial risks, proportions and population impact

Concordant and discordant familial cancer: Familial risks, proportions and population impact

Risk of Second Cancer in Hodgkin Lymphoma Survivors and Influence of Family History

Is there a role for IGF‐1 in the development of second primary cancers?

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