Prostate cancer in US Air Force veterans of the Vietnam war

Pavúk, Marián; Michalek, Joel E.; Ketchum, Norma S.

doi:10.1038/sj.jea.7500448

Cited by 39 publications

(33 citation statements)

References 38 publications

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“…For Ranch Hand veterans there is a significant 50% reduction in total cancers at the highest dioxin body burden levels compared to low-level background body burden (Kayajanian, 2001). These results are consistent with the failure to detect prostate cancer increase of the Ranch Hand group vis-à-vis Comparisons in association with either monitored TCDD levels or time served in Southeast Asia (Pavuk et al, 2006). The latter study suggested that a longer service in the Southeast Asia environment and exposures other than TCDD may have increased the risk of prostate cancer in Comparison veterans.…”

Section: Hormetic Herbicides: Dioxin and Phosfonsupporting

confidence: 71%

Nutritional hormesis

Hayes

2006

Eur J Clin Nutr

111

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Objective: Hormesis, the biological and toxicological concept that small quantities have opposite effects from large quantities, is reviewed with emphasis on its relevance to nutrition. Results: Hormetic and other dose-response relationships are categorized, depicted, and discussed. Evidence for nutritional hormesis is presented for essential vitamin and mineral nutrients, dietary restriction, alcohol (ethanol), natural dietary and some synthetic pesticides, some herbicides, and acrylamide. Some of the different hormetic mechanisms that have been proposed are reviewed. Conclusions:The credence and relevance of hormesis to nutrition are considered to be established. The roles of hormesis in nutritional research and in formulating nutritional guidelines are discussed.

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Section: Hormetic Herbicides: Dioxin and Phosfonsupporting

confidence: 71%

Nutritional hormesis

Hayes

2006

Eur J Clin Nutr

111

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“…The investigators compared serum TCDD levels and observed no increased incidence of prostate cancer among Operation Ranch Hand pilots compared with a similar cohort of Air Force veterans who served in Southeast Asia who did not spray Agent Orange. 9 That study, although it was very complete, was limited by the young age of the cohort and the institution of PSA screening in 1997. The influence of introducing PSA screening lead to a large increase in incidence of prostate cancer in the final years of observation (1999-2003), as expected.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Although there is sufficient evidence linking soft tissue sarcomas, Hodgkin disease, and non-Hodgkin lymphoma with Agent Orange exposure, 4 evidence of the risk of subsequent prostate cancer has been much less robust. [5][6][7][8][9][10] Operation Ranch Hands, a longitudinal study that was conducted on Air Force veterans, identified no increased incidence of prostate cancer compared with a similar cohort of veterans. However, that study did observe an increased risk compared with the standard US population of white men.…”

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confidence: 99%

Agent Orange exposure, Vietnam War veterans, and the risk of prostate cancer

Chamie

White

Lee

et al. 2008

Cancer

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BACKGROUND. It has been demonstrated that Agent Orange exposure increases the risk of developing several soft tissue malignancies. Federally funded studies, now nearly a decade old, indicated that there was only a weak association between exposure and the subsequent development of prostate cancer. Because Vietnam War veterans are now entering their 60s, the authors reexamined this association by measuring the relative risk of prostate cancer among a cohort of men who were stratified as either exposed or unexposed to Agent Orange between the years 1962 and 1971 and who were followed during the interval between 1998 and 2006. METHODS. All Vietnam War era veterans who receive their care in the Northern California Veteran Affairs Health System were stratified as either exposed (n = 6214) or unexposed (n = 6930) to Agent Orange. Strata‐specific incidence rates of prostate cancer (International Classification of Diseases, 9th Revision code 185.0) were calculated. Differences in patient and disease characteristics (age, race, smoking history, family history, body mass index, finasteride exposure, prebiopsy prostate‐specific antigen (PSA) level, clinical and pathologic stage, and Gleason score) were assessed with chi‐square tests, t tests, a Cox proportional hazards model, and multivariate logistic regression. RESULTS. Twice as many exposed men were identified with prostate cancer (239 vs 124 unexposed men, respectively; odds ratio [OR], 2.19; 95% confidence interval [95% CI], 1.75‐2.75). This increased risk also was observed in a Cox proportional hazards model from the time of exposure to diagnosis (hazards ratio [HR], 2.87; 95% CI, 2.31‐3.57). The mean time from exposure to diagnosis was 407 months. Agent Orange‐exposed men were diagnosed at a younger age (59.7 years; 95% CI, 58.9‐60.5 years) compared with unexposed men (62.2 years; 95% CI, 60.8‐63.6 years), had a 2‐fold increase in the proportion of Gleason scores 8 through 10 (21.8%; 95% CI, 16.5%‐27%) compared with unexposed men (10.5%; 95% CI, 5%‐15.9%), and were more likely to have metastatic disease at presentation than men who were not exposed (13.4%; 95% CI, 9%‐17.7%) than unexposed men (4%; 95% CI, 0.5%‐7.5%). In univariate analysis, distribution by race, smoking history, body mass index, finasteride exposure, clinical stage, and mean prebiopsy PSA were not statistically different. In a multivariate logistic regression model, Agent Orange was the most important predictor not only of developing prostate cancer but also of high‐grade and metastatic disease on presentation. CONCLUSIONS. Individuals who were exposed to Agent Orange had an increased incidence of prostate cancer; developed the disease at a younger age, and had a more aggressive variant than their unexposed counterparts. Consideration should be made to classify this group of individuals as ‘high risk,’ just like men of African‐American heritage and men with a family history of prostate cancer. Cancer 2008. © 2008 American Cancer Society.

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“…Recent studies on the relationship between Agent Orange and prostate cancer have focused on US veterans of the Vietnam War (Ketchum NS et al 1998;Zafar MB et al 2001;Akhtar FZ et al 2004;Giri VN et al 2004;Justine L et al 2006;Pavuk M et al 2006;Chamie K et al 2008). However, only one study has focused on the relationship between PSA and Agent Orange in Vietnamese men (Sun XL et al 2013).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Influence of dioxin exposure upon levels of prostate-specific antigen and steroid hormones in Vietnamese men

Sun

Kido

Honma

et al. 2016

Environ Sci Pollut Res

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Most studies on the relationship between Agent Orange and prostate cancer have focused on US veterans of the Vietnam War.There have been few studies focusing on the relationship between levels of prostate-specific antigen (PSA) and dioxins or steroid hormones in Vietnamese men. In 2009-2011, we collected blood samples from 97 men who had resided in a "dioxin hotspot" and 85 men from a non-sprayed region in Vietnam. Then, levels of PSA, dioxins, and steroid hormones were analyzed. Levels of most dioxins, furans, and non-ortho polychlorinated biphenyls were higher in the hotspot than in the non-sprayed region. Levels of testosterone, dehydroepiandrosterone and estradiol differed significantly between the hotspot and non-sprayed region, but there were no correlations between levels of PSA and steroid hormones and dioxins in either of the two regions. Our findings suggest that PSA levels in Vietnamese men are not associated with levels of dioxins or steroid hormones in these two regions.

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Prostate cancer in US Air Force veterans of the Vietnam war

Abstract: US Air Force veterans of Operation Ranch Hand sprayed herbicides contaminated with 2, 3,7,

Cited by 39 publications

References 38 publications

Nutritional hormesis

Nutritional hormesis

Agent Orange exposure, Vietnam War veterans, and the risk of prostate cancer

Influence of dioxin exposure upon levels of prostate-specific antigen and steroid hormones in Vietnamese men

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