Prostate inflammation and its potential impact on prostate cancer: A current review

Abstract

Recent studies have identified a role for inflammation in the development and progression of several cancers, such as liver, stomach and the large intestine. Data from several studies has shown correlations between soluble inflammatory mediators, such as cytokines, chemokines and growth factors. However, a direct relationship between inflammation and prostate cancer has yet to be identified. Two major hurdles currently exist which limit the study of this relationship are first that animal models available for studying prostate inflammation are limited, and secondly that relatively little is known about the inflammatory response in the prostate. Here we first review the data demonstrating a correlation between inflammation and prostate cancer as well as review what is currently known about the inflammatory response in the prostate and the impact this inflammation has on the prostate tissue.

Association Between C-reactive Protein and Risk of Cancer: A Meta-analysis of Prospective Cohort Studies

“…Positive associations between CRP levels and risk of all-cancer and lung cancer have been consistently reported by several large epidemiological studies including a retrospective cohort study by Proctor et al (2010)with 223,303 noncancer patients and 22,715 cancer cases, a cross-sectional study by Lee et al (2011) with 80,781 participants and two nested case-control studies (Trichopoulos et al, 2006;Chaturvedi et al, 2010). In accordance with the result of previous meta-analysis (Heikkila et al, 2009), less epidemiologic studies suggested a significant association between the elevated CRP levels and an increased risk of prostate and breast cancer (Platz et al, 2004;Trichopoulos et al, 2006), although a role for chronic inflammation in prostate (Haverkamp et al, 2008) and breast cancer (Ben-Baruch, 2003) has been identified. More controversy seemed to be from colorectal cancer (Otani et al, 2006;Gur et al, 2011;Lee et al, 2011) and previous metaanalysis gave an inconsistent result (Tsilidis et al, 2008;Heikkila et al, 2009).…”

An aberrant prostate antigen–specific immune response causes prostatitis in mice and is associated with chronic prostatitis in humans

“…Because prostatitis can also lead to spuriously elevated PSA levels in affected individuals, diagnosing CPPS could potentially improve the clinical utility of this blood test, which is used to diagnose prostate cancer. Finally, because CPPS may also promote the development of prostate cancer (39), the diagnosis and treatment of CPPS could possibly affect the incidence of this common malignancy.…”

Androgens and androgen receptor signaling in prostate tumorigenesis

“…Therefore, it is likely that the frequency of cancer would be higher in people with recurrent prostate damage, as this would increase the prevalence of stem cells and the chance for mutagenesis in one of the stem cells. In fact, it has been well documented that men with chronic prostate inflammation, which causes damage that requires prostate lobe regeneration (and the increased presence of stem cells), are at a greater risk for prostate cancer (Haverkamp et al 2008, Klein & Silverman 2008, Bardia et al 2009). Interestingly, we have observed that chronic exposure to low testosterone also leads to prostate damage and the expansion of several putative prostate stem cell populations, including LinK/ Cd133C/Cd117C cells and LinK/Cd49f…”