Proteases and pseudoproteases in parasitic arthropods of clinical importance

Fernando, Danny; Fischer, Katja

doi:10.1111/febs.15546

Cited by 12 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 161 publications

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“…Using an approach combining a cut-off value of E < 10 − 05 , transcript evidence, phylogenetics and functional domain conservation in multigene families, we were able to identify a single protein or a small number (< 8) of related proteins for 21 allergen groups in PRM. A further eleven allergen groups (1, 3, 6, 8, 9, 15, 18, 28, 29, 33, 39, and) had expanded sets of related genes in PRM, which belonged to large multigene families: cysteine and serine proteases, GSTs, chitin binding/chitinase proteins, HSPs, cyclophilins, and structural components alpha tubulin 1A and troponin C. This situation was comparable to the expanded allergen group homologues seen in P. ovis (groups 8, 9, 15, 27, 28, 29 and 33) and E. maynei (groups 1,3,6,9,15,18,27,28,29) [12,73] and is representative of the difficulty in identifying the true orthologous allergen proteins using an in silico approach alone. Identifying the allergen IgE targets of sensitised humans and poultry would be useful in fully comprehending the allergen repertoire of PRM.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 76%

“…In a number of arthropods, chitin-binding proteins have been identified in the seminal fluid or accessory gland [78]. Proteinases in invertebrates have been traditionally viewed as active salivary or gut enzymes associated with digestion but are now also viewed as having further-reaching roles, with high levels of expression (along with pseudoproteinases) in other tissues associated with reproduction, defence and host immuno-modulation (reviewed by [27]). The proteome of male Aedes aegypti accessory glands and ejaculatory ducts show an abundance of proteases (25% of the total proteins identified) and protease inhibitors (11%) [84].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Transcriptomic analysis of the poultry red mite, Dermanyssus gallinae, across all stages of the lifecycle

et al. 2021

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Background The blood feeding poultry red mite (PRM), Dermanyssus gallinae, causes substantial economic damage to the egg laying industry worldwide, and is a serious welfare concern for laying hens and poultry house workers. In this study we have investigated the temporal gene expression across the 6 stages/sexes (egg, larvae, protonymph and deutonymph, adult male and adult female) of this neglected parasite in order to understand the temporal expression associated with development, parasitic lifestyle, reproduction and allergen expression. Results RNA-seq transcript data for the 6 stages were mapped to the PRM genome creating a publicly available gene expression atlas (on the OrcAE platform in conjunction with the PRM genome). Network analysis and clustering of stage-enriched gene expression in PRM resulted in 17 superclusters with stage-specific or multi-stage expression profiles. The 6 stage specific superclusters were clearly demarked from each other and the adult female supercluster contained the most stage specific transcripts (2725), whilst the protonymph supercluster the fewest (165). Fifteen pairwise comparisons performed between the different stages resulted in a total of 6025 Differentially Expressed Genes (DEGs) (P > 0.99). These data were evaluated alongside a Venn/Euler analysis of the top 100 most abundant genes in each stage. An expanded set of cuticle proteins and enzymes (chitinase and metallocarboxypeptidases) were identified in larvae and underpin cuticle formation and ecdysis to the protonymph stage. Two mucin/peritrophic-A salivary proteins (DEGAL6771g00070, DEGAL6824g00220) were highly expressed in the blood-feeding stages, indicating peritrophic membrane formation during feeding. Reproduction-associated vitellogenins were the most abundant transcripts in adult females whilst, in adult males, an expanded set of serine and cysteine proteinases and an epididymal protein (DEGAL6668g00010) were highly abundant. Assessment of the expression patterns of putative homologues of 32 allergen groups from house dust mites indicated a bias in their expression towards the non-feeding larval stage of PRM. Conclusions This study is the first evaluation of temporal gene expression across all stages of PRM and has provided insight into developmental, feeding, reproduction and survival strategies employed by this mite. The publicly available PRM resource on OrcAE offers a valuable tool for researchers investigating the biology and novel interventions of this parasite.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 76%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Transcriptomic analysis of the poultry red mite, Dermanyssus gallinae, across all stages of the lifecycle

et al. 2021

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“…47 A family of five cysteine proteases (i.e. Sar s 1 a-e) homologous to HDM group 1 allergens has also been identified in S. scabiei 38,48 and may contribute to itch by activating PAR-2. 49,50 Upon epidermal barrier damage (i.e.…”

Section: Possible Host-mite Interaction Contributing To Scabies Itchmentioning

confidence: 99%

Scabies itch: an update on neuroimmune interactions and novel targets

Kim

Hashimoto

Fischer

et al. 2021

Acad Dermatol Venereol

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Frequently described as 'the worst itch' one can ever experience scabies itch is the hallmark of Sarcoptes scabiei mite infestation. Notably, the itchiness often persists for weeks despite scabicides therapy. The mechanism of scabies itch is not yet fully understood, and effective treatment modalities are still missing which can severely affect the quality of life.The aim of this review is to provide an overview of the scope of itch in scabies and highlight candidate mechanisms underlying this itch. We herein discuss scabies itch, with a focus on the nature, candidate underlying mechanisms and treatment options. We also synthesize this information with current understanding of the mechanisms contributing to non-histaminergic itch in other conditions. Itch is a major problem in scabies and can lead to grave consequences. We provide the latest insights on host-mite interaction, secondary microbial infection and neural sensitization with special emphasis on keratinocytes and mast cells to better understand the mechanism of itch in scabies. Also, the most relevant current modalities remaining under investigation that possess promising perspectives for scabies itch (i.e. proteaseactivated receptor-2 (PAR-2) inhibitor, Mas-related G protein-coupled receptor X2 (MRGPRX2) antagonist) are discussed. Greater understanding of these diverse mechanisms may provide a rational basis for the development of improved and targeted approaches to control itch in individuals with scabies.

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“…We also published a Special Issue on 'Pseudoenzymes' (Fig. 2), edited by Colin Adrain (Queen's University, Belfast, N. Ireland) covering a diversity of topics highlighting the role of pseudoproteases, pseudokinases and pseudophosphatases, among other pseudoenzymes, in diverse biological processes ranging from cancer, inflammation, immunity and cell death [12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27]. We are always very interested in hearing your proposals for Special Issues on cutting-edge topics of widespread interest; just email our editorial office with your proposal.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%