Protection of Public Health from Microbial and Chemical Hazards in Swimming Pool Environments

Abstract

Ozone is a very powerful chemical disinfectant which is able to oxidize organic and inorganic compounds, as well as killing microorganisms. The high oxidizing power is due to the weak bonds of the third oxygen atom causing instability of the ozone molecule. Ozone decomposes rapidly and thus does not provide a residual disinfection effect and has to be generated on-demand at the site of application. Ozone is a stronger oxidant than chlorine, with a higher redox potential (WHO, 2000). In aqueous solution, ozone reacts with organic and inorganic compounds by means of two different mechanisms: direct oxidation by ozone molecules and oxidation by hydroxyl radicals during ozone decomposition (Glaze et al., 1987; Gottschalk et al., 2010; CHAPTER 1 | 5 are applied in drinking water treatment as advanced oxidation processes (AOPs), usually combined with hydrogen peroxide and ozone (Heering, 2004). Contaminants in swimming pools and similar environments Figure 2. Potential microbial and chemical hazards in swimming pools and similar environments (adapted from WHO (2006)) Microbial hazards Microbial contaminants in the pool water can be pathogens originating from faecal matter introduced by humans and animals, from human shedding (e.g. vomit, mucus, saliva, and skin) (WHO, 2006) or from source water and air (Figure 2). Many outbreaks associated with pathogens in swimming pools and similar environments have been reported worldwide (

Fungal contamination of indoor public swimming pools and their dominant physical and chemical properties

“…shower before swimming) and health status of the swimmers can greatly affect the water quality of the swimming pools [ 3 , 7 , 34 ]. Human skin infections have dramatically increased in recent years and one of the reasons is the rise in recreational facilities and frequent contact among people polluted indoor water environments [ 35 , 36 ]. Fungal skin infection is found worldwide, irrespective of age or sex.…”

Hubungan Anemia Dan Kekurangan Energi Kronik Pada Ibu Hamil Dengan Berat Badan Bayi Baru Lahir

“…Ketidak seimbangan pemenuhan antara asupan kebutuhan dan energi yang dikeluarkan secara spesifik merupakan penyebab Kekurangan Energi Kronis (Ekowati, 2019).…”