Protection of the patient data against intentional attacks using a hybrid robust watermarking code

Abstract

The security of patient information is important during the transfer of medical data. A hybrid spatial domain watermarking algorithm that includes encryption, integrity protection, and steganography is proposed to strengthen the information originality based on the authentication. The proposed algorithm checks whether the patient’s information has been deliberately changed or not. The created code is distributed at every pixel of the medical image and not only in the regions of non-interest pixels, while the image details are still preserved. To enhance the security of the watermarking code, SHA-1 is used to get the initial key for the Symmetric Encryption Algorithm. The target of this approach is to preserve the content of the image and the watermark simultaneously, this is achieved by synthesizing an encrypted watermark from one of the components of the original image and not by embedding a watermark in the image. To evaluate the proposed code the Least Significant Bit (LSB), Bit2SB, and Bit3SB were used. The evaluation of the proposed code showed that the LSB is of better quality but overall the Bit2SB is better in its ability against the active attacks up to a size of 2*2 pixels, and it preserves the high image quality.

Region-Based Hybrid Medical Image Watermarking Scheme for Robust and Secured Transmission in IoMT

“…During the past decade, there has been a lot of research in MIW using spatial, frequency and hybrid domain techniques for the secure transmission of medical image and EPR in IoMT. Reversible MIW schemes are explored to ensure high imperceptibility and integrity of medical image [10], [13], [23], [24] using spatial domain techniques. Generally, reversible watermarking techniques (spatial domain), are imperceptible and can be used for integrity verification, but they are less robust.…”

“…Generally, reversible watermarking techniques (spatial domain), are imperceptible and can be used for integrity verification, but they are less robust. The schemes proposed in [10]- [13], [23], [24], [26] have high imperceptibility but are vulnerable to some image processing attacks. Therefore, researchers have also explored frequency domain watermarking schemes for high imperceptibility and robustness such as SVD [17], Schur [25] and hybrid transform schemes using DWT -SVD [16], [18], [26], Redundant discrete wavelet transform (RDWT) -SVD -HT [9], DWT -Schur [11], FdCuT -DCT [14], FD -DCT [19].…”

“…Therefore, researchers have also explored frequency domain watermarking schemes for high imperceptibility and robustness such as SVD [17], Schur [25] and hybrid transform schemes using DWT -SVD [16], [18], [26], Redundant discrete wavelet transform (RDWT) -SVD -HT [9], DWT -Schur [11], FdCuT -DCT [14], FD -DCT [19]. The schemes proposed in [9], [11], [12], [14]- [18], [23], [25], [26] have achieved high imperceptibility and robustness but lacks in ensuring integrity of the transmitted data. Integrity (tamper detection and recovery) is one of the important requirement for medical image transmission to ensure that the receiver has received intact medical image.…”

A secured compression technique based on encoding for sharing electronic patient data in slow-speed networks

“…Nagm et al [27] propose a technique for image content protection by synthesizing an encrypted identification message from the actual data. They embed no watermark with the original data.…”

“…Depending on the categories of digital data, the watermarking is classified into four types: image watermarking, audio watermarking, video watermarking, and text watermarking [23] . Different image watermarking methods are being used to secure medical images in health systems [24] , [25] , [26] , [27] , [28] . To the best of our knowledge, no text watermarking scheme is existed for patient live-text data to ensure their integrity and authentication.…”