Protective Effect of Clove Oil and Eugenol Microemulsions on Fatty Liver and Dyslipidemia as Components of Metabolic Syndrome

Abstract

In the present research, the effect of clove essential oil (CO) and its major constituent, eugenol, formulated in water-based microemulsions, was studied on fatty liver and dyslipidemia in high-fructose-fed rats. Plasma and liver lipids, oxidative stress, inflammatory biomarker, and liver function were the assessed criteria. CO dispersed in water as conventional cloudy emulsion was also subjected to the same biological evaluations for comparison with the microemulsified form of this oil. Results showed that the particle size of CO microemulsion (COM) and eugenol microemulsion (EM) was 8.0 nm and 8.9 nm, respectively. Excess dilution and incubation of these microemulsions in 1.2 N HCl, that mimic stomach juice (without lipase), for 5 hours at 37 °C lead to the establishment of second population of larger particles with average diameter>100.0 nm. Biological evaluation revealed that rats of high fructose control group exhibited significant dyslipidemia, high plasma tumor necrosis factor-α, and elevated malondialdehyde. The same group of rats showed significant high liver total fat, triglycerides and cholesterol, and liver dysfunction compared to control normal rats fed balanced diet. Daily oral administration of CO conventional emulsion, COM, and EM produced significant improvement of all studied parameters. No significant change in all biochemical parameters was noticed when the groups given the different formulations were compared with each other. The study concluded that administration of CO conventional emulsion, COM, or EM produced significant improvement in fatty liver and dyslipidemia with consequent expected protection from cardiovascular diseases and other complications of fatty liver. Formulation of CO in microemulsion having particle size ∼ 8.0 nm did not enhance the protective effect compared with the same dose of CO dispersed in water as conventional macroemulsion, probably due to the ease of absorption of these bioactives in their native states. However, formulation in microemulsion provides a delivery system for oral administration of CO or eugenol in homogeneous, water-based, and thermodynamically stable dosage form during storage.

Syzygium aromaticum L. (Myrtaceae): Traditional Uses, Bioactive Chemical Constituents, Pharmacological and Toxicological Activities

“…Eugenol and clove oil have been documented to have a potent effect on fatty liver and dyslipidemia by a different mechanism of action [117], which involves oxidative stress by reducing the oxidative damage [118]. In vivo experiments showed that eugenol administration at 100 mg/kg 4 days prior to and 6 days together with gentamicin suppressing the oxidative damage caused by gentamicin [119].…”

Vortex‐ultrasound‐assisted dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction coupled with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry for the analysis of volatile bioactive components and comparative pharmacokinetic study of the herb–herb interactions in Guanxin Shutong Capsule

“…Borneol and isoborneol are widely used in the treatment of stroke, coronary heart disease, and other cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases . Eugenol, a well‐known bactericide and analgesic , has been found to possess the functions of lowering blood lipids, dilating vessels, and blocking calcium channel in recent years . In the current study, isoborneol, borneol, and eugenol, regarded as the major active components responsible for the therapeutic effects and the metabolite camphor, are selected as the target to investigate the pharmacokinetic behaviors and evaluate the herb–herb interactions in GSC.…”

Hepato-protective Effect of Clove Bud Polyphenols (Syzygium aromaticum L.) (Clovinol®) by Modulating Alcohol Induced Oxidative Stress and Inflammation

“…Clove buds, rich in polyphenols such as flavonoids, hydrolysable tannins of ellagic acid and gallic acid (Issac et al, 2015) is one of the best antioxidant spice, often referred to as the 'Champion of spices ' (Perez-Jimenez, 2010;Milind, 2011;Shan et al, 2005). Besides, there have been reports on hepatoprotective effects of clove essential oil and clove extracts (Hadary and Ramadan Hassanien, 2015;Al-Okbi et al, 2014;Ali et al, 2014). The present study investigated the efficacy of Clovinol, the polyphenols of clove buds, as a hepatoprotective agent by assessing its effects on liver function markers as well as inflammatory and oxidative stress markers in the rat model for ethanol toxicity.…”

“…However, Clovinol supplementation was found to cause significant suppression of these activities, indicating its inhibitory effect on hepatotoxicity. Though clove essential oil has already been reported to effectively lower liver toxicity markers in CCl 4 induced hepatotoxicity (Hadary and Ramadan Hassanien, 2015;Al-Okbi et al, 2014), no reports on the hepatoprotective activity of clove polyphenols are reported so far. The present study demonstrates the hepatoprotective action of Clovinol for the first time.…”