Protective Effect of Ginkgolic Acid in Attenuating LDL Induced Inflammation Human Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells via Altering the NF-κB Signaling Pathway

Abstract

Oxidized low-density lipoprotein (ox-LDL) is considered as the significant maker of inflammatory reaction. ox-LDL was reported to play a crucial role in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis (AS). In the current study, we scrutinize the suppressive effect of ginkgolic acid against ox-LDL induced an oxidative and inflammatory response in human microvascular endothelial cells (HMEC-1) and human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (nPBMCs) and explore the mechanism of action. HMEC-1 cells are treated with ox-LDL in the presence of different concentration of ginkgolic acid. MTT 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide) assay was performed for the estimation of cell viability effect. Reactive oxygen species (ROS), inflammatory cytokines, and NF-κB activity are also estimated. For the hPBMCs assay, the cells were isolated from the healthy volunteers and cultured. The cells were further divided into different group and received the ginkgolic acid. Additionally, ROS, inflammatory marker such as prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), lipoxygenase (LOX), nitric oxide (NO), cyclooxygenase (COX) protein expression, and mRNA expression of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and vascular cell adhesion protein 1 (VCAM-1) were estimated in the ox-LDL treated group. The result exhibited that ginkgolic acid treatment induced the cell viability boosting in ox-LDL treatment and intracellular ROS significantly decreased by ginkgolic acid. Pro-inflammatory cytokines also downregulated via ginkgolic acid. Moreover, ginkgolic acid reduced the ox-LDL–induced NF-κB. The mRNA and protein expression of TNF-α, IL-6, and VCAM-1 considerably increased in the ox-LDL treated group and ginkgolic acid significantly reduced the mRNA and protein expression. An inflammatory marker such as PGE2, LOX, and NO were increased in the ox-LDL treated group and ginkgolic acid treated group exhibited the reduction of an inflammatory marker. Based on the result, we can conclude that ginkgolic acid significantly reduced and reversed the ox-LDL–induced modulation, suggesting its anti-inflammatory effect via the NF-κB pathway.

Ginkgolic acids inhibit SARS-CoV-2 and its variants by blocking the spike protein/ACE2 interplay

“…Notably, Ginkgolic acid disrupts the early stage of the Alphavirus replication cycle and inhibits the expression of viral proteins structural E1 and non-structural nsP1, showing antiviral activity against the arboviruses [16] . In addition, it has been suggested that Ginkgolic acids effectively inhibit the release of inflammatory mediators and pro-inflammatory cytokines in ox-LDL-induced HUVECs, HMEC-1, and hPBMCs cells by blocking the activation of the NF-κB pathway [14] , [63] .…”

Hypoxia-mediated SUMOylation of FADD exacerbates endothelial cell injury via the RIPK1-RIPK3-MLKL sig-naling axis

“…Ginkgolic acid is an alkyl phenolic constituent extracted from the Ginkgo biloba [28]. Previous studies have shown that GA possesses numerous biological activities, including anti-inflammatory, anti-tumor, and anti-bacterial [35] [36]. Here, we demonstrated that GA inhibited necroptosis, inflammatory responses, and endothelial damage in vascular tissues.…”

The Mechanism of Action of Ginkgolic Acid (15:1) against Gram-Positive Bacteria Involves Cross Talk with Iron Homeostasis

“…GA is described as 13:0, 15:0, 15:1, 17:1, and 17:2 based on the differences of side-chain carbon atoms and double bonds. Current studies have revealed that the biological activities of GA include antitumor, anti-inflammatory, neuroprotective, and antianxiety activities, antimicrobial activities in vitro ( 9 – 13 ), and broad antiviral activities against herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1), HIV, Ebola virus (EBOV), influenza A virus (IAV), Epstein Barr virus (EBV), and Chikungunya, Mayaro, Una, and Zika viruses by blocking the fusion event ( 12 , 14 – 16 ). In addition, GA (15:1) was identified as a dominant ingredient that contributed to the antimicrobial activity of Ginkgo extracts ( 17 ).…”