Protective Effect of NAC Preconditioning Against Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury in Piglet Small Bowel Transplantation: Effects on Plasma TNF, IL-8, Hyaluronic Acid, and NO

The effects of n-acetylcysteine and desferoxamine on IL-6, TNF-a, and oxLDL after infrarenal aortic clamping

“…Although administration of desferoxamine did not result in a significant TNF-a decrease after reperfusion, TNF-a levels fell by 50% in Group NAC at 10 min post-reperfusion, maintaining a constant decreased rate until 2 hours post-reperfusion. In a study investigating the effect of NAC preconditioning on the small bowel transplantation-I/R-induced inflammatory cascade, the authors reported that NAC may ameliorate the inflammatory cascade mediated by TNF-a, which was in line with the results of other authors [24]. Of note, several other studies have demonstrated an anti-inflammatory effect of NAC, confirming our results [25,26].…”

Intestinal ischemia/reperfusion: microcirculatory pathology and functional consequences

“…These include the application of hydrogen sulfide [89], the HO-1 inducer pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate [85], N-acetylcystein [90], erythropoietin [91], the activator of the AMP-activated protein kinase 5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide 1-beta-D-ribofuranoside [92] as well as the treatment with ethanol [93] and nitroglycerin [94]. Vice versa, protective effects of intestinal preconditioning are reported to be abolished by inhibition of K(ATP) channels [95] and heme oxygenase [85], by lowering local adenosine concentrations using adenosine deaminase [86,92] as well as by applying an adenosine A1 receptor antagonist [96], a selective PKC antagonist [96], or a NOS inhibitor [93].…”

Review of Various Techniques of Small Bowel Transplantation in Pigs

“…It is common to carry out a systemic heparinization of the donor after preparation of bowel and vessels and before crossclamping the vascular supply of the graft [12][13][14][15][16]. The applied dosage of heparin is 100 [17] -300 [13] IU/Kg or 2000 [5,12] -5000 IU [15]. Besides systemic heparinization, heparin is also occasionally added to the flushing solution [4,18,19].…”

“…In case of ex situ flushing, it is performed through the SMA [4,14,15,[24][25][26][27]. In most models, iced Lactated Ringers Solution [4,12,17,24,25,27] or University of Wisconsin Solution is used as perfusion solution [7,11,13]. Occasionally, HTK (Histidine-Triptophane-Ketoglutarate) solution [5], Institut-George-Lopez-Solution [17] or Euro Collins Solution [20,22] have also been used.…”