Protective effects of Cynara scolymus leaves extract on metabolic disorders and oxidative stress in alloxan-diabetic rats

Abstract

BackgroundDiabetes mellitus (DM) is associated with hyperglycemia, inflammatory disorders and abnormal lipid profiles, currently the extracts from leaves of cynara scolymus has been discovered to treat metabolic disorders and has been stated by multitudinous scientists according to a good source of polyphenols compounds. The present study aimed to evaluate the protective effect of the ethanol leaves extract of C. scolymus in alloxan induced stress oxidant, hepatic-kidney dysfunction and histological changes in liver, kidney and pancreas of different experimental groups of rats.MethodsWe determinate the antioxidant activity by ABTS.+ and antioxidant total capacity (TAC) of all extracts of C. scolymus leaves, the inhibition of α-amylase activity in vitro was also investigated. Forty male Wistar rats were induced to diabetes with a single dose intraperitoneal injection (i.p.) of alloxan (150 mg/kg body weight (b.w.)). Diabetic rats were orally and daily administrated of ethanol extract from C. scolymus at two doses (200-400 mg/kg, b.w) or (12 mg/kg, b.w) with anti-diabetic reference drug, Acarbose for one month. Ethanol extract of C. scolymus effect was confirmed by biochemical analysis, antioxidant activity and histological study.ResultsThe results indicated that the ethanol extract from leaves of C. scolymus showed the highest antioxidant activity by ABTS.+ (499.43g± 39.72 Trolox/g dry extract) and (128.75 ± 8.45 mg VC /g dry extract) for TAC and endowed the powerful inhibition in vitro of α-amylase activity with IC50=72,22 ug/uL. In vivo, the results showed that ethanol extract from the leaves of C. scolymus (200-400 mg/kg) decreased significantly (p < 0.001) the α-amylase levels in serum of diabetic rats, respectively associated with significant reduction (p < 0.001) in blood glucose rate of 42,84% and 37,91% compared to diabetic groups after 28 days of treatment, a significant lowered of plasma total cholesterol (T-Ch) by 18,11% and triglyceride (TG) by 60,47%, significantly and low-density lipoproteins (LDL-C) by 37,77%, compared to diabetic rats, moreover, the administration of ethanol extract appears to exert anti-oxidative activity demonstrated by the increase of CAT, SOD and GSH activities in liver, kidney and pancreas of diabetic rats. This positive effect of the ethanol extract from C. scolymus was confirmed by histological study.ConclusionThese observed strongly suggest that ethanol extract from the leaves of C. scolymus has anti-hyperglycemic properties, at least partly mediated by antioxidant and hypolipidemic effects.

The antioxidant activity of artichoke (Cynara scolymus): A systematic review and meta‐analysis of animal studies

“…The antioxidant activity of artichoke has also been demonstrated in experimental studies (Gebhardt, ; Gebhardt & Fausel, ; Brown & Rice‐Evans, ; Perez‐Garcia, Adzet, & Canigueral, ; Zapolska‐Downar et al, ; Rahimuddin, Khoja, Zuhair, Howell, & Brown, ; Juzyszyn, Czerny, Pawlik, & Drozdzik, ; Miccadei et al, ; Löhr, Deters, & Hensel, ; Mileo, Di Venere, Abbruzzese, & Miccadei, ; Takei et al, ; Miláčková, Kapustová, Mučaji, & Hošek, ; Jiménez‐Escrig, Dragsted, Daneshvar, Pulido, & Saura‐Calixto, ; Goñi, Jiménez‐Escrig, Gudiel, & Saura‐Calixto, ; Mehmetcik, Ozdemirler, Kocak‐Toker, Cevikbas, & Uysal, ; Kucukgergin et al, ; Kusku‐Kiraz, Mehmetcik, Dogru‐Abbasoglu, & Uysal, ; Heidarian, Jafari‐Dehkordi, & Seidkhani‐Nahal, ; Heidarian & Soofiniya, ; Song et al, ; Heidarian & Rafieian‐Kopaei, ; Abdel‐Kader et al, ; Al‐Ahdab, ; Magielse et al, ; El Morsy & Kamel, ; Najim, Numan, & Hamad, ; Colak et al, ; Jaleel, Saleh, & El‐Awdan, ; Khattab, Wazzan, & Al‐Ahdab, ; Mocelin et al, ; Ben Salem et al, ; El‐Boshy et al, ; Kaymaz, Kandemir, Pamukçu, Eröksüz, & Özdemir, ; Tang, Wei, Deng, & Lei, ).…”

“…Furthermore, antioxidant properties of artichoke leaf extract have been revealed in diabetic rats. Supplementation with extract of artichoke leaf resulted in significant reduction of MDA and advanced oxidation protein product (AOPP) level and significant increase in the activity of CAT and SOD and level of GSH and ferric reducing/antioxidant power (FRAP) in supplemented group compared with the nonsupplemented group (Ben Salem et al, ; Heidarian & Soofiniya, ). In another study, Magielse et al () assessed the effects of two doses of aqueous artichoke leaf extract (200 mg/kg and 1,000 mg/kg) on oxidant and antioxidant markers in streptozotocin‐induced diabetic rat model.…”

“…The present meta‐analysis was performed on 14 datasets of the eight included studies. Two studies assessed the effects of different dosage of artichoke leaf extract (two doses [200 and 400 mg/kg] in study of Ben Salem et al [] and three doses [20, 40, and 80 mg/kg] in study of Song et al []) and one study evaluated two doses of aqueous extracts of artichoke leaves and pulp (200 and 400 mg/kg; Al‐Ahdab, ).…”

Artichoke leaf extract, as AKR1B1 inhibitor, decreases sorbitol level in the rat eye lenses under high glucose conditions ex vivo

“…The artichoke leaves are well known for their beneficial therapeutic effects in enhancing lipid metabolism, choleresis, and hepatic functions. In several studies, the extracts from artichoke leaves showed also decreasing activities of glucose level and beneficial effect on lipid metabolism of diabetic rats (Hosseini et al, ; Magied et al, ; Salem et al, ) as well as effective AKR1B1 and RL‐AKR inhibitions (Miláčková et al, ). Human AKR1B1 (and rat equivalent RL‐AKR) is the first enzyme of the polyol pathway that reduces glucose to sorbitol more intensively under diabetic conditions.…”

“…The artichoke leaves were investigated for their beneficial effects (mainly due to polyphenolic compounds) such as inhibition of the biosynthesis of cholesterol, induction of choleresis, mobilization of energy reserves, as well as their antibacterial and hepatoprotective actions (Gabbay, ; Zhu, Zhang, & Lo, ). Artichoke extracts are also recognized for their hypoglycemic effect and beneficial effect on lipid metabolism of diabetic rats (Hosseini, Mousaei, & Tavakoli, ; Magied, Hussien, Zaki, & Said, ; Salem et al, ).…”