Protective Effects of Galla Rhois, the Excrescence Produced by the Sumac Aphid,Schlechtendalia chinensis, on Transient Focal Cerebral Ischemia in the Rat

Abstract

Galla Rhois is formed by aphids, primarily Schlechtendalia chinensis Bell (Homoptera: Pemphigidae), on the leaf of sumac, Rhus javanica L. (Sapindales: Anacardiaceae). It is a tannin-rich herb that is widely used in traditional Korean medicine. Its various pharmacological effects, including its radical-scavenging effects, have been reported. The purpose of the current study was to determine if these radical-scavenging effects can be confirmed using in vitro assays and to investigate its neuroprotective effects, optimal dosage, mechanisms, and therapeutic time window in an animal model of stroke. Galla Rhois 85% methanol extract (GRE) exhibited potent and dose-dependent radical-scavenging effects on various radicals. Oral administration of GRE (300 mg/kg) in a transient focal cerebral ischemia rat model (two hours of occlusion followed by 22 hours of reperfusion) reduced the brain infarct volume by 37.5%. It also improved sensory motor function and reduced lipid-peroxidation in middle cerebral artery occlusion. However, it did not have any inhibitory effects on brain edema. The time window study revealed that pre- and co-treatment with GRE had protective effects, but post-treatment with GRE (three or six hours after ischemia) did not have protective effects. In conclusion, GRE had potent radical-scavenging activities and neuroprotective effects in a rat model of stroke when it was pre- and co-administered. The optimal dosage may be around 300 mg/kg for oral administration.

Penta‐O‐galloyl‐β‐D‐glucose ameliorates inflammation by inhibiting MyD88/NF‐κB and MyD88/MAPK signalling pathways

“…The gallnut of Rhus chinensis MILL (GRC; family Anacardiaceae ), which contains 1,2,3,4,6‐penta‐O‐galloyl‐β‐ d ‐glucose (PGG) as a major constituent (Park et al ., ), is used for treating diarrhoea, excessive sweating, bleeding, and chronic coughs as a traditional Chinese medicine in China, Japan and Korea (Djakpo and Yao, ; Shim et al ., ; Kim et al ., ; Ren et al ., ). It is reported to inhibit α‐glucosidase (Shim et al ., ) and to display anti‐anaphylactic (Kim et al ., ), anti‐viral (Nakano et al ., ) and anti‐ischaemic activities (Lee et al ., ). PGG inhibits TNF‐α and IL‐6 secretion in LPS‐stimulated peripheral blood mononuclear cells (Genfa et al ., ), and also reduces the TNF‐α level in rats after systemic administration of LPS.…”

Hepatoprotective effect of gallotannin-enriched extract isolated from gall on hydrogen peroxide-induced cytotoxicity in HepG2 cells

“…[ 14 15 ] Furthermore, oral administration of GR 85% methanol extract reduced brain infarct volume by 37.5% and lipid peroxidation in middle cerebral artery occlusion, while also improving sensory motor function in a transient focal cerebral ischemia rat model. [ 16 ] Moreover, tacrine, nitrofurantoin, and tert -butyl hydroperoxide-induced hepatotoxicity in HepG2 cells were greatly alleviated by two hepatoprotective constituents of GR, an equilibrium mixture of 3-galloyl-gallic acid (3GGA), 4-galloyl-gallic acid isomers (4GGAI), and 1,2,3,4,6-penta- O -galloyl-β-d-glucose (PGG). [ 17 18 ] However, more studies are needed to determine the novel functions and mechanisms of GR extract in hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 )-induced hepatotoxicity.…”

Hepatotoxicity and nephrotoxicity of gallotannin-enriched extract isolated from Galla Rhois in ICR mice

“…Moreover, galloyl glucose (GG6-10) isolated from GR inhibited the invasion of metastatic HT-1080 cells into a reconstituted basement membrane via inhibition of the gelationolysis mediated by MMP-2 and -9, while ellagic acid extracted from GR showed anticancer activity against nasopharyngeal carcinoma cells via down-regulated expression of COX-2 and stathmin [ 13 14 ]. Furthermore, oral administration of GR 85% methanol extract reduced brain infarct volume by 37.5% and lipid peroxidation in middle cerebral artery occlusion, while also improving sensory motor function in a transient focal cerebral ischemia rat model [ 15 ]. Moreover, tacrine, nitrofurantoin and tert -butyl hydroperoxide-induced hepatotoxicity in HepG2 cells was greatly retained by an equilibrium mixture of 3-galloyl-gallic acid, 4-galloyl-gallic acid isomers, and 1,2,3,4,6-penta- O -galloyl-β-D-glucose isolated from GR [ 3 16 ].…”