Protective Effects of Lignin-Carbohydrate Complexes from Wheat Stalk against Bisphenol a Neurotoxicity in Zebrafish via Oxidative Stress

Abstract

Lignin-carbohydrate complexes (LCCs) from different lignocellulosic biomass have shown biological qualities as antioxidant and immunostimulant. By contrast, the application of LCCs as protectant against neurotoxicity caused by different compounds is scarce. In this work, two kinds of LCCs with carbohydrate-rich and lignin-rich fractions were obtained from wheat stalk and used to protect against BPA-neurotoxicity in zebrafish. The results showed that BPA at a concentration of 500 µg/L results in neurotoxicity, including significant behavioral inhibition, and prevents the expression of central nervous system proteins in transgenic zebrafish models (Tg (HuC-GFP)). When the zebrafish was treated by LCCs, the reactive oxygen species of zebrafish decreased significantly with the change of antioxidant enzymes and lipid peroxidation, which was due to the LCCs’ ability to suppress the mRNA expression level of key genes related to nerves. This is essential in view of the neurotoxicity of BPA through oxidative stress. In addition, BPA exposure had negative effects on the exercise behavior, the catalase (CAT) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity, and the larval development and gene expression of zebrafish larvae, and LCC preparations could recover these negative effects by reducing oxidative stress. In zebrafish treated with BPA, carbohydrate-rich LCCs showed stronger antioxidant activity than lignin-rich LCCs, showing their potential as a neuroprotective agents.

The Effect of Ball Milling Time on the Isolation of Lignin in the Cell Wall of Different Biomass

“…In this work, all the MWL preparations were obtained from the crude lignin, and after tedious purification procedures, there are still some carbohydrates in the MWL preparations. This can be explained by the hemicellulose, which is covalently linked to lignin by phenyl glycoside linkages (PhGlc), benzyl ethers (BE), and -esters (Est), which is termed as lignin–carbohydrate complexes (LCC) ( Zheng et al, 2021b ; Gu et al, 2021 ). Technically, the existing LCC in the cell wall of biomass can be degraded during the milling process, while it is hard to remove during the purification process by various solvents, which can be the reason why the prepared MWL samples from different biomass cannot reach to a purity of 100% ( Henriksson, 2017 ).…”

Ethnopharmacological Effects of Urtica dioica, Matricaria chamomilla, and Murraya koenigii on Rotenone-Exposed D. melanogaster: An Attenuation of Cellular, Biochemical, and Organismal Markers

“…In this context, the isolation of naturally occurring antioxidants have raised interest in plant biomass, which has proven to be rich in compounds. Plants possess the ability to biosynthesize a variety of non-enzymatic antioxidants that can reduce ROS-induced oxidative damage [ 70 , 71 , 72 , 73 ].…”

Salix spp. Bark Hot Water Extracts Show Antiviral, Antibacterial, and Antioxidant Activities—The Bioactive Properties of 16 Clones

“…The original bark extract had higher polyphenol content and antioxidant capacity than the steam-treated bark extract, indicating that some phytochemicals were leached away in the process. One of the major constituents of various biomasses is lignin, which has been found to possess anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities, and it has been found to degrade at high temperatures ( Gu et al, 2021 ; Wang et al, 2021 ; Zheng et al, 2021 ). However, the steam-treatment temperatures did not rise above 180°C, and the decomposition of lignin, which is rather slow, has been considered to start at temperatures over 180°C ( Nassar and MacKay, 1984 ; Brebu and Vasile, 2010 ).…”