Protective effects of pentoxifylline in small intestine after ischemia–reperfusion

Abstract

ObjectiveThis study was performed to determine the healing effects of pentoxifylline on molecular responses and protection against severe ischemic damage in the small intestine.MethodsThirty-six Wistar albino rats were divided into six groups. The superior mesenteric artery was clamped for 120 minutes, and reperfusion was performed for 60 minutes. Saline (0.4 mL), pentoxifylline (1 mg/kg), and pentoxifylline (10 mg/kg) were intraperitoneally administered to the rats in the C1, P1, and P3 groups, respectively, 60 minutes before ischemia and to the rats in the C2, P2, and P4 groups, respectively, during reperfusion onset. Malondialdehyde, myeloperoxidase, tumor necrosis factor alpha, interleukin-1 beta, and interleukin-6 in serum and tissue were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Intestinal ischemic injury was histopathologically evaluated by the Chiu score and immunohistochemical staining.ResultsAll serum and tissue molecular responses were significantly blunted in the pentoxifylline-treated groups compared with the controls. Significant improvement in ischemic damage was demonstrated in the pentoxifylline-treated groups by histological grading and immunohistochemical scoring.ConclusionsThe protective effects of pentoxifylline were confirmed by molecular responses and histopathological examination.

Benefits of pentoxifylline for skin flap tissue repair in rats

“…The administration of intradermal hyaluronidase combined with intraperitoneal pentoxifylline for 14 days showed a decrease in the cellularity of macrophages on the dermis, while the administration of pentoxifylline alone stimulated angiogenesis 17 . The biochemical and histopathological findings suggest that low doses of pentoxifylline can effectively improve ischemic damage in the experimental model of skin flaps 30 . The administration of 20 mg/kg/day of pentoxifylline by intraperitoneal route in rats undergoing myocutaneous flap of the caudal monopedicled rectus abdominis showed changes in the microcirculation system, decreased necrosis, and increased number of capillaries in the flap ischemia zone (zone IV) 31 .…”

“…Other 8,9,11,13,14,[16][17][18][19][28][29][30][31][32] have demonstrated that parenteral administration of pentoxifylline with different schemes and doses ranging from 1 to 50 mg/kg, was able to improve tissue vitality.…”

“…These findings may help to enhance flap survival with the pharmacological strategy of an available drug administered by subcutaneous route, in addition to benefits such as affordable cost, easy administration, high therapeutic index, effective results, treatment feasibility, known mechanism of action when administered via oral and parenteral routes, bioavailability and protective effects on necrosis. Pentoxifylline suggests that it is dose-dependent, with a possible variability in the different effects based on the dose, schedule, route, and administration period 9,11,14,[28][29][30][31][32] .…”