“…It involves changes in gene expression together with the transcriptional and translational control of both nuclear and plastid genes. These genes can be regulated by anterograde and retrograde signals, the synthesis of necessary lipids and pigments, the import and routing of the nucleusencoded proteins into plastids, protein-lipid interactions, the insertion of proteins into the plastid membranes, and the assembly into functional complexes (Vothknecht and Westhoff, 2001;Baena-González and Aro, 2002;Kota et al, 2002;Stern et al, 2004;López-Juez, 2007;Waters and Langdale, 2009;Solymosi and Schoefs, 2010;Adam et al, 2011;Pogson and Albrecht, 2011;Ling et al, 2012;Jarvis and López-Juez, 2013;Lyska et al, 2013;Belcher et al, 2015;Börner et al, 2015;Dall'Osto et al, 2015;Ling and Jarvis, 2015;Rast et al, 2015;Sun and Zerges, 2015;Yang et al, 2015). Chloroplast biogenesis is highly integrated with cell and plant development, especially with photomorphogenesis (Pogson et al, 2015), and is controlled by cellular and organismal regulatory mechanisms such as the ubiquitin-proteasome system (Jarvis and López-Juez, 2013).…”