Protein changes in macrophages induced by plasma from rats exposed to 35 GHz millimeter waves

Abstract

A macrophage assay and proteomic screening were used to investigate the biological activity of soluble factors in the plasma of millimeter wave-exposed rats. NR8383 rat macrophages were incubated for 24 h with 10% plasma from male Sprague-Dawley rats that had been exposed to sham conditions, or exposed to 42 °C environmental heat or 35 GHz millimeter waves at 75 mW/cm² until core temperature reached 41.0 °C. Two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, image analysis, and Western blotting were used to analyze approximately 600 protein spots in the cell lysates for changes in protein abundance and levels of 3-nitrotyrosine, a marker of macrophage stimulation. Proteins of interest were identified using peptide mass fingerprinting. Compared to plasma from sham-exposed rats, plasma from environmental heat- or millimeter wave-exposed rats increased the expression of 11 proteins, and levels of 3-nitrotyrosine in seven proteins, in the NR8383 cells. These altered proteins are associated with inflammation, oxidative stress, and energy metabolism. Findings of this study indicate both environmental heat and 35 GHz millimeter wave exposure elicit the release of macrophage-activating mediators into the plasma of rats.

Extremely high‐frequency electromagnetic radiation enhances neutrophil response to particulate agonists

“…Immunocompetent cells and free nerve endings within the skin can be directly stimulated, thereby sending the “millimeter wave signal” to the whole body. Both environmental heat and 35 GHz millimeter wave exposure elicited similar releases of mediators into the plasma of rats, causing macrophage activation associated with inflammation and oxidative stress [Sypniewska et al, ]. While we do not exclude non‐thermal effects of MMWs, our study clearly demonstrated that the heating of blood induced by MMW exposure was the primary mechanism of the enhancement of neutrophil response to agonists under our experimental conditions (Fig.…”

“…However, the mechanisms by which local MMW administration is able to produce systemic whole‐body effects are not well understood. Two major mechanisms have been proposed: (1) stimulation of the nervous system and (2) stimulation of the immune system [Pakhomov et al, ; Sypniewska et al, ; Ziskin, ].…”

“…However, the mechanisms by which local MMW administration is able to produce systemic whole-body effects are not well understood. Two major mechanisms have been proposed: (1) stimulation of the nervous system and (2) stimulation of the immune system [Pakhomov et al, 1998;Sypniewska et al, 2010;Ziskin, 2013]. Gapeyev et al [1996Gapeyev et al [ , 1997 showed that a lowintensity EHF in the nearfield zone of a channel radiator inhibited ROS production by mouse peritoneal neutrophils (MPNs) that had been activated with opsonized zymosan on a quasi-resonant manner.…”

Electromagnetic fields act via activation of voltage‐gated calcium channels to produce beneficial or adverse effects

“…Peroxynitrite elevation is usually measured through a marker of peroxynitrite-mediated protein nitration, 3-nitrotyrosine (3-NT). There are four studies where 3-NT levels were measured before and after EMF exposure [66,[68][69][70]. Each of these studies provides some evidence supporting the view that EMF exposure increases levels of peroxynitrite and therefore 3-NT levels [66,[68][69][70].…”

“…There are four studies where 3-NT levels were measured before and after EMF exposure [66,[68][69][70]. Each of these studies provides some evidence supporting the view that EMF exposure increases levels of peroxynitrite and therefore 3-NT levels [66,[68][69][70]. Although these cannot be taken as definitive, when considered along with the evidence on oxidative stress and elevated nitric oxide production in response to EMF exposure, they strongly suggest a peroxynitritemediated mechanism of oxidative stress in response to EMFs.…”