PROTEIN S-ACYL TRANSFERASE10 Is Critical for Development and Salt Tolerance in Arabidopsis  

Abstract

Protein S-acylation, commonly known as palmitoylation, is a reversible posttranslational modification that catalyzes the addition of a saturated lipid group, often palmitate, to the sulfhydryl group of a Cys. Palmitoylation regulates enzyme activity, protein stability, subcellular localization, and intracellular sorting. Many plant proteins are palmitoylated. However, little is known about protein S-acyl transferases (PATs), which catalyze palmitoylation. Here, we report that the tonoplast-localized PAT10 is critical for development and salt tolerance in Arabidopsis thaliana. PAT10 loss of function resulted in pleiotropic growth defects, including smaller leaves, dwarfism, and sterility. In addition, pat10 mutants are hypersensitive to salt stresses. We further show that PAT10 regulates the tonoplast localization of several calcineurin B-like proteins (CBLs), including CBL2, CBL3, and CBL6, whose membrane association also depends on palmitoylation. Introducing a C192S mutation within the highly conserved catalytic motif of PAT10 failed to complement pat10 mutants, indicating that PAT10 functions through protein palmitoylation. We propose that PAT10-mediated palmitoylation is critical for vacuolar function by regulating membrane association or the activities of tonoplast proteins.

Arabidopsis AINTEGUMENTA (ANT) mediates salt tolerance by trans-repressing SCABP8

“…Loss-of-function of PROTEIN S-ACYL TRANSFERASE10 (PAT10) leads to pleiotropic growth defects, including smaller leaves, dwarfism and sterility, whereas pat10 mutants exhibit hypersensitivity to salt stresses (Zhou et al, 2013). NHX1 (K + /H + ) and NHX2 are vacuolar proteins, and they control vacuolar pH and K + homeostasis, and salt tolerance (Bassil et al, 2011).…”

Adaptor Protein-3-Dependent Vacuolar Trafficking Involves a Subpopulation of COPII and HOPS Tethering Proteins

“…5C). Treatment of the protein S-acylation inhibitor 2-bromopalmitate (2-BP; Hemsley and Grierson, 2008;Zhou et al, 2013;Zhang et al, 2015) in the wild type resulted in the redistribution of CBL2 from the tonoplast into the cytoplasm (Fig. 5E), in contrast to treatment with dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO; Fig.…”

“…To determine the reason behind the discrepancy, we analyzed the localization of CBL2 in ap-3 mutants, because the function of PAT10 was mediated mainly through the tonoplast association of CBL2 and CBL3 (Tang et al, 2012;Zhou et al, 2013). Interestingly, CBL2 was detected both at the PM and at the tonoplast in pat4-2 (Fig.…”

“…CBLs are calcineurin B-like proteins critical for Ca 2+ signaling during plant growth and responses to abiotic stresses (Batistic et al, 2010;Tang et al, 2012). Although most CBLs are soluble proteins, they associate with either the plasma membrane (PM) or the tonoplast through PAT-mediated S-acylation (Batistic et al, 2010(Batistic et al, , 2012Zhou et al, 2013). Therefore, the subcellular targeting of CBLs depends on the location of their upstream PATs.…”

A Lipid-Anchored NAC Transcription Factor Is Translocated into the Nucleus and Activates Glyoxalase I Expression during Drought Stress

“…DAPI was used to stain nuclei and excited at 385 nm. For staining with the cellular membrane-specific lipophilic dye FM4-64 (Lam et al, 2007;Zhou et al, 2013), transformed cells were stained with 30 mg/mL FM4-64 for more than 5 min and were observed at a 546-nm fluorescence excitation wavelength. For various treatments, such as PEG-8000, 2-bromopalmitate, and homologous control, the solution was added to the onion cells, and the same cells were imaged before and after PEG treatment.…”