Proteome Analysis of the Antiproliferative Activity of the Novel Chitooligosaccharide–Gallic Acid Conjugate against the SW620 Colon Cancer Cell Line

Abstract

Chitooligosaccharide (COS) and gallic acid (GA) are natural compounds with anti-cancer properties, and their conjugate (COS–GA) has several biological activities. Herein, the anti-cancer activity of COS–GA in SW620 colon cancer cells was investigated. MTT assay was used to evaluate cell viability after treatment with 62.5, 122, and 250 µg/mL of COS, GA, and COS–GA for 24 and 48 h. The number of apoptotic cells was determined using flow cytometry. Proteomic analysis was used to explore the mechanisms of action of different compounds. COS–GA and GA showed a stronger anti-cancer effect than COS by reducing SW620 cell proliferation at 125 and 250 µg/mL within 24 h. Flow cytometry revealed 20% apoptosis after COS–GA treatment for 24 h. Thus, GA majorly contributed to the enhanced anti-cancer activity of COS via conjugation. Proteomic analysis revealed alterations in protein translation and DNA duplication in the COS group and the structural constituents of the cytoskeleton, intermediate filament organization, the mitochondrial nucleoid, and glycolytic processes in the COS–GA group. Anti-cancer-activity-related proteins were altered, including CLTA, HSPA9, HIST2H2BF, KRT18, HINT1, DSP, and VIM. Overall, the COS–GA conjugate can serve as a potential anti-cancer agent for the safe and effective treatment of colon cancer.

Chitooligosaccharide and Its Derivatives: Potential Candidates as Food Additives and Bioactive Components

“…The proteomics study on CHOS-GA-treated SW620 colon cancer cell lines also revealed that the CHOS-GA increased the molecular pathways related to intermediate filament organization and structural constituents of the cytoskeleton, while the CHOS influenced the changes in the ribonucleoprotein complex, cytoplasmic translation, and nucleosome assembly [127]. In this study, keratin 18 was hypothesized to show the anti-cancer effects of the CHOS-GA [127,129]. Additionally, a carboxymethyl CHOS (CM-CHOS) was developed and evaluated for its anti-cancer activity in the H22 tumor-bearing mice model [130].…”

“…CHOS-GA could inhibit gastric cancer cell growth via the induction of the apoptosis pathway with coincidental upregulations of p53, p21, Bax, caspase 9, and caspase 3 proteins [128]. The proteomics study on CHOS-GA-treated SW620 colon cancer cell lines also revealed that the CHOS-GA increased the molecular pathways related to intermediate filament organization and structural constituents of the cytoskeleton, while the CHOS influenced the changes in the ribonucleoprotein complex, cytoplasmic translation, and nucleosome assembly [127]. In this study, keratin 18 was hypothesized to show the anti-cancer effects of the CHOS-GA [127,129].…”

“…When an AE-CHOS was prepared using a low-MW CHOS (<1 kDa), it demonstrated a significantly improved capability to inhibit cancer proliferation and promote cancer cell apoptosis [57]. Gallic acid (GA) is a PPN compound that was recently used to conjugate with a CHOS, and it displayed the ability to suppress the proliferation of cancer cell lines [64,127,128]. CHOS-GA could inhibit gastric cancer cell growth via the induction of the apoptosis pathway with coincidental upregulations of p53, p21, Bax, caspase 9, and caspase 3 proteins [128].…”

Milk fortified with chitooligosaccharide–gallic acid conjugate and its liposome: characterisation, storage stability, and in vitro digestibility

“…Recently, Saetang et al . (2023) reported a higher anti‐cancer effect of CHOS–gallic acid (CHOS‐GAL) conjugate than CHOS by reducing SW620 cell proliferation. Moreover, CHOS‐GAL conjugate (CGC) inhibited various spoilage and food‐borne pathogen bacteria to a higher extent as compared to CHOS alone.…”