Protocol for deposition of conductive oxides onto 3D-printed materials for electronic device applications

Huddy, Julia E.; Scheideler, William J.

doi:10.1016/j.xpro.2022.101523

Cited by 6 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 7 publications

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“…For a full description of the methods used in calculating the conductance of the various 3D lattices both experimentally and through simulation, please see previous work. [11,39] To calculate the physical characteristics of various lattice structures, a MATLAB code was used with the same lumped model and undirected graph as the resistance model, building each lattice to match the physical structure and assuming a square cross-sectional area for each strut. From this, the surface area and porosity of various lattices with many different dimensions to compare physical properties across lattice types were calculated and structures for a specific application was optimized.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…For further details of the ALD process, please see the recent publication detailing this protocol. [ 39 ] Gold electrodes were sputtered (Hummer) onto the 3D structures while masking the channels using a thin polyimide tape (Kapton) with acrylic adhesive. The tape was later removed to reveal masked channels through the lattice with dimensions of 4 mm, spanning the width of the structures.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Graph Theory Design of 3D Printed Conductive Lattice Electrodes

Huddy

Tiwari

Hongpeng

et al. 2023

Adv Materials Technologies

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Abstract3D printing has the promising capability to fabricate engineered lattice structures with broadly tunable surface area and optimal geometries for maximizing structural and functional properties. This study characterizes the electrical conductivity of 3D lattices of varying size, structure, and porosity to guide additively manufactured electrode design in energy storage devices. Graph theory‐based calculations and experiments comparing the conductivity of multiple strut lattice structures and illustrating the scaling laws governing architectures with either coated or solid conductive struts are presented. The lightweight lattices explored here show higher conductivity than random foams that lack a periodic mesostructure. It is experimentally demonstrated that the 3D lattice type influences the specific capacity when employed in supercapacitors, outperforming 2D supercapacitor counterparts, and other 3D printed electrodes while allowing for optimization of the design for different energy storage applications. Additionally, it is shown that tuning the physical structure of the lattices allows for precise control over the electrical response to mechanical loading, as confirmed through experimental measurements. The lattice structure programs the electrodes’ mechanical stiffness, with higher relative density samples showing higher Young's modulus. These results can serve to guide the design of 3D printed electrodes in a variety of electrochemical and electromechanical device applications.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Graph Theory Design of 3D Printed Conductive Lattice Electrodes

Huddy

Tiwari

Hongpeng

et al. 2023

Adv Materials Technologies

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“…First, 3D polymer lattices are prepared by stereolithography (SLA) printing with an ultrahigh‐resolution acrylate‐based resin ( UHR, Kudo ). [ 32,33 ] Conducting thin layers of ZnO:Al are then coated on these structures by atomic layer deposition (ALD) to improve the wettability of the 3D construct for MXene coating, according to procedures detailed in our previous work. [ 34 ] Finally, the as‐prepared Ti 3 C 2 T X MXene nanosheets are coated by dipping the 3D lattices, as detailed in the Experimental Section.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…For further details on 3D polymer printing and the ALD 3D coating processes, please see the recent publications. [ 32 ] To complete the sensitization of the 3D microporous Ti 3 C 2 T X MXene microstructures, dip coating was performed by applying ultra‐sonication to the solution while submerging the lattice. Ti 3 C 2 T x ‐MXene materials were synthesized through an acid (HF + HCl) etching method of the MAX phase (Ti 3 AlC 2 ).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Biocompatible 3D Printed MXene Microlattices for Tissue‐Integrated Antibiotic Sensing

Tiwari,

Panicker,

Huddy

et al. 2023

Adv Materials Technologies

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Abstract3D continuous mesoscale architectures of nanomaterials possess the potential to revolutionize real‐time electrochemical biosensing through higher active site density and improved accessibility for cell proliferation. Herein, 3D microporous Ti3C2TX MXene biosensors are fabricated to monitor antibiotic release in tissue engineering scaffolds. The Ti3C2TX‐coated 3D electrodes are prepared by conformal MXene deposition on 3D‐printed polymer microlattices. The Ti3C2TX MXene coating facilitates direct electron transfer, leading to the efficient detection of common antibiotics such as gentamicin and vancomycin. The 3D microporous architecture exposes greater electrochemically active MXene surface area, resulting in remarkable sensitivity for detecting gentamicin (10–1 mM) and vancomycin (100–1 mM), 1000 times more sensitive than control electrodes composed of 2D planar films of Ti3C2TX MXene. To characterize the suitability of 3D microporous Ti3C2TX MXene sensors for monitoring drug elution in bone tissue regeneration applications, osteoblast‐like (MG‐63) cells are seeded on the 3D MXene microlattices for 3, 5, and 7 days. Cell proliferation on the 3D microporous MXene is tracked over 7 days, demonstrating its promising biocompatibility and its clinical translation potential. Thus, 3D microporous Ti3C2TX MXene can provide a platform for mediator‐free biosensing, enabling new applications for in vivo monitoring of drug elution.

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“…H2O was employed as the oxidant for both layers. Further information regarding the ALD procedure can be found in Huddy et al [ 28 ] The sheet resistance of the AZO coating was determined using a 4‐point probe to measure the film as deposited on an SiO 2 substrate, yielding an average value of 1460 ± 330 Ω with a median value of 1420 Ω. Gold electrodes are sputtered (Hummer) onto the coated metastructures, using a thin polyimide tape (Kapton) with acrylic adhesive to mask the channels.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Rational Design of 3D‐Printed Metastructure‐Based Pressure Sensors

Zhao,

Huddy,

Scheideler

et al. 2023

Adv Eng Mater

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Metastructure‐based pressure sensors (MBPS) offer higher sensitivity, broader sensing range, greater design flexibility, and superior performance tunability compared with traditional pressure sensors. Currently, there exists a gap between metastructure architecture design and prediction of sensing performance. To this end, a new design‐to‐manufacturing paradigm is presented. A coupled mechanical‐electrical finite element model is developed to predict sensing performance of systematically designed MBPS. Rapid prototyping by additive manufacturing (AM) is achieved via micro‐digital light processing (μDLP) and atomic layer deposition (ALD) for forming nanoscale conductive coatings. Results indicate that a large sensing range requires high metastructure stiffness, achieved by increasing relative density. However, high sensitivity and reversible sensing range both rely on elastic coating deformation – enforcing a balance between these properties. The trade‐off between sensing range and sensitivity is investigated for structures with different Poisson’s ratios and fillet ratios. Metastructure architecture design can lead to substantial expansion of the sensing range, enabling pressure detection ranging from 0 to 15 MPa (6.23% strain). An impressive sensitivity variance of 6.8 times has been observed between the highest and lowest MBPS samples. Finally, we demonstrate how our design framework allows deep electromechanical integration of 3D printed sensors with additively manufactured components, such as a truss bridge.This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

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Protocol for deposition of conductive oxides onto 3D-printed materials for electronic device applications

Cited by 6 publications

References 7 publications

Graph Theory Design of 3D Printed Conductive Lattice Electrodes

Graph Theory Design of 3D Printed Conductive Lattice Electrodes

Biocompatible 3D Printed MXene Microlattices for Tissue‐Integrated Antibiotic Sensing

Rational Design of 3D‐Printed Metastructure‐Based Pressure Sensors

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