PROTOCOL: Online interventions for reducing hate speech and cyberhate: A systematic review

Abstract

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Online interventions for reducing hate speech and cyberhate: A systematic review

“…All statistical analyses were performed using Stata IC/16.1. Per our protocol, Windisch et al (2021), we intended to implement robust variance estimation to address statistically dependent effect sizes (correlated effects) using robumeta (Hedges et al, 2010). However, both studies in the meta‐analysis contributed one effect size each, for the content creation outcome, so we did not employ this method.…”

“…Furthermore, we did not have any meaningful moderators to exploit the benefits of robust variance estimation fully. Therefore, additional research is needed for all treatment types, and the outcome examined in this meta‐analysis and other outcomes of interest that we were unable to meta‐analyze within this systematic review (see Windisch et al, 2021).…”

“…We intended to use study design, among other factors, to explore heterogeneity between study outcomes using the Q ‐statistic and I 2 statistics to describe the percent variation across studies (see Windisch et al, 2021). Posthoc moderating factors could have included the intervention setting, such as an online intervention versus a laboratory or classroom intervention setting.…”

“…However, we identified only two effect sizes, one from each study, relevant to the meta-analysis. Accordingly, we did not need to adjust for statistical dependency as originally planned (see Windisch et al, 2021) and did not average effect sizes nor use robust variance estimation.…”

“…Second, further experimental studies are needed to be able to examine the effect of online interventions on additional outcome measures of interest (see Windisch et al, 2021). For instance, research must attend to the importance of cyberhate and online hate speech within the context of creating (e.g., making videos, posting, sharing, liking, etc.)…”