Proximate composition, minerals contents, functional properties of Mastura variety jackfruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus) seeds and lethal effects of its crude extract on zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryos

Abstract

Jackfruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus) is a popular and valuable fruit in Malaysia. The present study aims to determine the proximate composition, mineral contents and functional properties of jackfruit seed powder (JSP) of Mastura cultivar and assess the toxicity of the jackfruit seed crude extract using embryonic zebrafish model. The proximate analysis results obtained showed that the JSP had 69.39% carbohydrate, 13.67% protein, 10.78% moisture, 2.41% ash, 0.75% fat and 3.00% crude fiber. The energy value reported was 345 kcal/100 g. Most abundant mineral found in the JSP was potassium (7.69 mg/g) followed by phosphorus (1.29 mg/g), magnesium (1.03 mg/g), calcium (0.41 mg/g) and sodium (0.05 mg/g). Water absorption capacity (2.35 g/g), oil absorption capacity (1.14 g/g) and bulk density (0.67 g/cm 3) were recorded for the JSP. The values for swelling power and solubility were 4.12 and 9.98, respectively. Furthermore, the various concentrations of jackfruit seed crude extract showed lethal developmental effects against zebrafish embryos during 96 hrs of exposure duration. Increased mortality was observed in embryos after exposure to concentrations above 15.625 µg/mL in dose and time-dependent manner. Based on the results, it can be concluded that JSP has great potential to be utilized in the formulations of food and other functional products. Additionally, the presence of toxic effects in the crude extract of JSP indicates the future studies required in isolating and identifying the compounds that might be responsible for the toxicity.

Nutrient Composition, Mineral and Anti-Nutrient Components of Processed Wild Cocoyam (Caladium Bicolor, (Ait) Vent)

“…34,30 Ash components are the inorganic materials left after the extraction of organic matter through processing. 32,25 The reported ash content in this study ranged from 1.40%-1.67%. These values did not agree with values (5.12-5.133%) previously reported.…”

“…was comparable to the values earlier reported for Colocasia esculenta meal (00.48%.0.73%) jack fruit seeds (0.75%) and was still within the range of 0.13%-0.77% reported for jack fruit seed. 1,25,26 The low EE value suggests that medicinally, Caladium bicolor meal will be less susceptible to lipid-related type of spoilage. 25,27 The crude fibre of raw and processed Caladium bicolor meal was 1.92%-2.12%, and was higher than 1.48%-1.49% earlier reported.…”

“…1,25,26 The low EE value suggests that medicinally, Caladium bicolor meal will be less susceptible to lipid-related type of spoilage. 25,27 The crude fibre of raw and processed Caladium bicolor meal was 1.92%-2.12%, and was higher than 1.48%-1.49% earlier reported. 9 The values of CF in this study was lower than CF of conventional feedstuffs like soybean meal and groundnut cake with 6.5 and 5% crude fibre, respectively, but comparable with conventional feedstuffs such as maize and guinea corn with 2.0% crude fibre, respectively.…”

Fabrication and characterization of Agarwood extract-loaded nanocapsules and evaluation of their toxicity and anti-inflammatory activity on RAW 264.7 cells and in zebrafish embryos

“…The assessment of acute toxicity in zebrafish embryos was performed according to Fish Embryo Acute Toxicity Test (FET) 236 developed by the organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), 2013 ). The method was adopted from previous toxicity assays with slight modifications (Alafiatayo et al., 2019 ; Mohamad et al., 2019 ; Ponrasu et al., 2012 ; Wibowo et al., 2018 ). After 4–5 hpf, the embryos were observed under inverted microscope (Nikon-TS100F), and synchronized embryos with normal development were selected for the assay.…”

Jackfruit Seed Extract Exposure on Zebrafish Embryos as Initial Screening Model for Covid-19 Treatment

“…Toxicity test was carried out by distributing one fertilized embryos using a transfer pipette in each well [19]. Then embryos were submerged in egg water (contain salt stock and methylene blue as antifungal agent) containing three concentrations of jackfruit seed crude extract from 10, 7.5, and 5 ug/mL [20] and one control. Five embryos were used for each concertation with three repetitions, so a total of 60 embryos, including control, were used in this study.…”