Proximodistal Alignment of the Canine Patella: Radiographic Evaluation and Association with Medial and Lateral Patellar Luxation

Abstract

Measurements of both PLL:PL and A:PL are recommended in dogs with patellar luxation, and surgical correction should be considered in those with abnormal values.

Aspectos clínicos, cirúrgicos e epidemiológicos da luxação de patela em cães atendidos no Hospital Veterinário, no período de janeiro de 2000 a julho de 2010: estudo retrospectivo

“…Os animais foram divididos em três categorias de peso, segundo Gibbons et al (2006): massa corporal igual ou inferior a 9,1kg, considerados cães de pequeno porte; entre 9,1 e 18,2kg, considerados de médio porte; e acima de 18,2kg, considerados cães de grande porte. Remedios et al, 1992;Hayes et al,1994;2001;Gareth e Sorrel, 2006;Gibbons et al, 2006;Piermattei et al, 2006;Mostafa et al, 2008), a de maior ocorrência também neste estudo, com diferença significativa (P<0,05). Nenhuma associação foi encontrada entre o tipo de luxação (medial ou lateral) e o grau da luxação (P>0,05).…”

Use of the modified Insall Salvati method for determination of vertical patellar position in dogs with and without cranial cruciate ligament rupture considering the morphology of the cranio-proximal tibia

“…The patellar ligament length (PLL) was measured on the cranial aspect of the ligament, from the point of the origin of the ligament on the distal aspect of the patella to its insertion on the most cranio-proximal extent of the tibial tuberosity (Osmond et al 2006;Mostafa et al 2008) (Plate III, Fig. 2).…”

“…In spite of this modification, the clinical utility of IS index and modified IS index remains limited by the difficulty in precisely determining the point of insertion of the patellar ligament on the tibial tuberosity (Mostafa et al 2008).…”

“…In veterinary literature, patella alta is more frequently described than patella baja (Johnson et al 2006;Mostafa et al 2008) Most studies in humans and dogs have focused on the diagnosis of patella alta and baja using techniques relying on the length of the patellar ligament, but have ignored the potential effects of distal femoral or proximal tibial abnormalities (Mostafa et al 2008).…”

“…Proximodistal misalignment of the patella includes patella alta and baja, which refer to a patella located too proximally or distally within the femoral trochlea (Mostafa et al 2008). Among the radiographic techniques described to evaluate the vertical position of the patella in humans, Insall Salvati (IS) index provides the most applicable and convenient method of diagnosing patella alta/baja in humans (Insall and Salvati 1971;Mostafa et al 2008). The IS index is obtained by dividing the greatest diagonal length of the patella by the length of the patellar ligament to calculate a ratio, which is normally equal to 1.0.…”