“…As switches of a company's audit firm are likely to result in lower audit quality due to losses in client-specific knowledge (Chen, Lin, & Lin, 2008;Tanyi, Raghunandan, & Barua, 2010), as well as in reductions in the amount of audit fees paid (Deis & Giroux, 1996;Köhler, Marten, Ratzinger, & Wagner, 2010;Köhler & Ratzinger-Sakel, 2012), both models control for whether the incumbent auditor has audited the financial statements of the respective company in the previous year or not (Switch). Furthermore, both models control for whether the company is audited by a Big 4 audit firm or not (Big4), as many previous studies have demonstrated that Big 4 audit firms are likely to provide higher audit quality (e.g., Lin & Hwang, 2010) and to charge higher audit fees (e.g., Campa, 2013).…”