Pruning of Protea Cv. Carnival to Optimise Economic Biomass Production

Gerber, Audrey I.; Greenfield, Eric J.; Theron, Karen I.; Jacobs, G.

doi:10.17660/actahortic.1995.387.11

Cited by 10 publications

(9 citation statements)

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“…In 1995 'Carnival' and 'Lady Di' plants were 5 years old, and 'Sylvia' plants were 6 years old. For studies of 'Carnival', two separate production blocks of the same age, pruned for biennial bearing, were used; one in the vegetative cycle of biennial bearing, and one in the flowering cycle (Gerber et al, 1995). The plants were spaced 1 m in the row and 4 m between rows, clean cultivated and were not fertilized or irrigated.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…1996) were used to study the manner in which shoot growth flushes developed. Pruning consisted of heading back all shoots to leave the basal 15 to 20 cm portion (bearer), as described previously (Gerber et al, 1995), on which new shoot growth Many genera of the Proteaceae have potential as cut flowers. The main genera under production are Protea L., Leucospermum R.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Synchrony of Inflorescence Initiation and Shoot Growth in Selected Protea Cultivars

Gerber¹,

Theron²,

Jacobs³

2001

jashs

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Protea L. sp. can be assigned to groups according to similar times of flower initiation and harvest. The stages occurring during flower initiation and their synchrony relative to shoot growth were investigated for three cultivars when flower initiation occurred on the spring growth flush. For all three cultivars, the spring flush was preformed and enclosed in the apical bud before spring budbreak. During elongation of the spring flush, the apical meristem produced floral primordia which differentiated into involucral bracts. After completion of the spring flush, meristematic activity continued and produced floral bracts with florets in their axils. The different cultivars were characterized by differences or similarities in the time of budbreak, and the rates of shoot growth, appendage formation, and flower development. Insight into the time of flower initiation relative to vegetative growth could be useful in making management decisions, as well as forming a basis for manipulation of the flowering process.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Synchrony of Inflorescence Initiation and Shoot Growth in Selected Protea Cultivars

Gerber¹,

Theron²,

Jacobs³

2001

jashs

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“…Plants were managed according to a biennial bearing and pruning system (Gerber et al, 1995;Hettasch et al, 1997). Plants in the vegetative phase (''off block'') were selected and pruned back to 20 bearers per plant in July 2007.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Commercially, flowering time in Protea can be manipulated by pruning (Greenfield et al, 1994;Nieuwoudt and Jacobs, 2010). A biennial bearing cycle with two blocks in alternating phases is recommended for commercial production (Gerber et al, 1995;Hettasch et al, 1997). This biennial management system ensures that inflorescences borne on long stems can be harvested annually, albeit from different blocks, and provides for a sustained income.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Impact of Temperature on Autumn- and Spring-initiated Inflorescence Systems within a Biennial Pruning System of Protea ‘Pink Ice’ Cut Flowers

Louw¹,

Hoffman²,

Theron³

et al. 2018

horts

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The potential impact of increasing temperatures driven by climate change on cultivated Protea cut flower production systems is not known. This study used a biennial pruning system in Protea ‘Pink Ice’ to track the physiological and reproductive responses in comparable phenological stages, but exposed to different seasonally determined temperature conditions. Protea ‘Pink Ice’ generally initiates inflorescences terminally on the spring flush. A limited number of shoots can initiate inflorescences on the preceding autumn flush, leading to an advanced harvesting time compared with that of the spring-initiated inflorescences. In a commercial Protea orchard in Hopefield, South Africa, gas exchange, carbohydrate availability, and vegetative and reproductive growth were compared between the two shoot types in the context of seasonal temperature differences. Leaves of shoots, which initiated inflorescences on the autumn flush, generally had higher light-saturated net carbon dioxide (CO2) assimilation capacities in autumn (April–May) and spring (October–November). There is evidence of a requirement of minimum shoot diameter of 7.6 mm (four- or five-flush shoot), as measured directly above the intercalation between the terminal (uppermost mature flush) and subterminal flush, when the subsequent flush was at budbreak stage during April (autumn) and at least five flushes to be required for floral initiation in Protea ‘Pink Ice’. Spring-initiated inflorescences had a shorter developmental period (4 months) than that of autumn-initiated inflorescences (7 months) and developed into significantly smaller (width) inflorescences with a lower width and dry weight at harvest. These inflorescences were harvested on average a month later compared with autumn-initiated inflorescences. The ambient temperature during inflorescence development played a significant role in the inflorescence growth rate, affecting the time required from visible inflorescence detection to harvest. At the calculated optimum base temperature of 9 °C, autumn-initiated inflorescences required 41,010 growing degree hours (GDH), whereas spring-initiated inflorescences required 35,872 GDH from initiation to anthesis. Under future warmer growing conditions, anticipated decreased size and dry weight of inflorescences may reduce marketability and income for Protea producers.

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“…Plants were spaced 1 m in the row and 4 m between rows. 'Carnival' plants were pruned during August (late winter) of the previous year of the experiment to effect biennial cropping as described by Gerber et al (1995). Plants were not irrigated or fertilized.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Exogenous Cytokinin Induces “Out of Season” Flowering in Protea cv. Carnival

Hoffman¹,

Bellstedt²,

Jacobs³

2009

J. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci.

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The cytokinin concentration in the xylem sap of Protea L. cv. Carnival (Protea compacta R. Br. × Protea neriifolia R. Br.) shoots was determined at regular intervals from 11 weeks before until 10 weeks after spring budbreak. Cytokinin levels were high during the early phases of spring shoot growth. Benzyladenine (BA) at 50, 250, or 500 mg·L−1 was applied to entire shoots on 22 Feb., 12 Apr., and 22 May 2001 (fall in the southern hemisphere) or only to terminal buds on 22 May 2001 at 500 mg·L−1. Most of the terminal buds sprouted and initiated an inflorescence when BA application at 500 mg·L−1 in May was directed only to terminal buds, whereas lower flowering percentages (0%–35%) were achieved when the entire shoot was treated. After whole shoots were treated with BA in Apr. 2001, between 5% and 45% floral reversion was observed. High flowering percentages of 87% to 93% were recorded when BA was applied at 500 mg·L−1 to the terminal bud in the dormant state or up to the stage when sprouting buds reached the green point development stage. Later applications were less effective, inducing 42% to 43% inflorescence initiation. The flowering time of BA-induced inflorescences was advanced by more than 2 months compared with flowers that initiated naturally on the spring flush.

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Pruning of Protea Cv. Carnival to Optimise Economic Biomass Production

Cited by 10 publications

References 0 publications

Synchrony of Inflorescence Initiation and Shoot Growth in Selected Protea Cultivars

Synchrony of Inflorescence Initiation and Shoot Growth in Selected Protea Cultivars

Impact of Temperature on Autumn- and Spring-initiated Inflorescence Systems within a Biennial Pruning System of Protea ‘Pink Ice’ Cut Flowers

Exogenous Cytokinin Induces “Out of Season” Flowering in Protea cv. Carnival

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